fjord
English
editEtymology
editUnadapted borrowing from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Germanic *ferþu, *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”),[1] from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”), from *per- (“to carry forth”) + *-tus (suffix forming action nouns from verb roots). Doublet of firth, ford, port, and fjard.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈfiːɔːd/, /fiˈɔːd/, /fjɔːd/
- (General American) IPA(key): /fiˈɔɹd/, /fjɔɹd/
Audio (US): (file) Audio (General Australian): (file) - Rhymes: -ɔː(ɹ)d
- Hyphenation: fjord
Noun
editfjord (plural fjords)
- A long, narrow, deep inlet between cliffs.
- 1839, T. D. W[hatley], “Section II. Norway.”, in A Hand-book for Travellers in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Russia, being a Guide to the Principal Routes in Those Countries, […], London: John Murray, […]; Leipzig: Black and Armstrong, →OCLC, page 73:
- About 20 English miles beyond this river, which is the largest in Norway, the road crosses the fjord which forms the boundary of the two kingdoms [Norway and Sweden]; and whose waters but too often in former days were dyed with the life-blood of many a bold mountaineer who crossed the "border stream" never to return.
- 1841, Harriet Martineau, “The Water Sprites’ Doings.”, in Feats on the Fiord. A Tale (The Playfellow; a Series of Tales to be Published Quarterly; 3), London: Charles Knight & Co., […], →OCLC, pages 123–124:
- At last one gave a deep groan, and another declared that the spirits of the fiord were against them, and there was no doubt that their boat was now lying twenty fathoms deep, at the bottom of the creek; drawn down by the strong hand of an angry water-spirit. [...] Another said he would not go till he had looked abroad over the fiord, for some chance of seeing the boat.
- 1894 August, Spitzbergen and Norway in August 1894: Itinerary of the Pleasure Cruise of the “S.S. Lusitania.” From 1st August to 2nd September (33 Days), London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited […], →OCLC, page 46:
- Like most of the larger inlets, and some of the inland lakes, the Sogne fjord is much deeper than the sea beyond, the depth in places being upwards of 4,000 feet, [...] Before the "glacial epoch," thousands of streams commenced the work of erosion and produced valleys and gorges. During the glacial epoch these channels were enlarged, and lake basins were hollowed out. The descending glaciers ground out fjords to their full length when the glacial epoch was at its height, but as it declined they ground out the inner parts to a still greater depth, producing the present character of the marine fjords, and giving rise to lake hollows in other places.
- 1909, Ralph S[tockman] Tarr, “General Physiography”, in The Yakutat Bay Region, Alaska (United States Geographical Survey, Department of the Interior, Professional Paper; 64), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, part I (Physiography and Glacial Geology), page 15:
- Disenchantment Bay, as the Yakutat Bay inlet is called north of Point Latouche, is bordered on the east by the steep hills of the peninsula and on the west by the main mountain front. Its coast is precipitous and through nearly its entire length it is a true mountain-walled fiord. The two mountain walls approach each other at Point Latouche almost at right angles, and Disenchantment Bay enters between them with a nearly north-south axis.
- 1951, Richard A. Hebert, “Hancock County”, in Modern Maine: Its Historic Background, People and Resources, volume II, New York, N.Y.: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, part III (A County by County Descriptive Outline of City, Town and Country in Maine), page 281:
- In the center of Mount Desert Island is deep Somes Sound, almost bisecting the island and forming the only natural fjord on the entire Atlantic Coast of North America.
- 1973 December, “Description of the Environment”, in Proposed Harding Icefield–Kenai Fjords National Monument, Alaska: Draft Environmental Impact Statement DES 73-86, [Washington, D.C.: Alaska Planning Group, National Park Service, Department of the Interior], →OCLC, section II.A.1 (Physical Environment), page 51:
- The warm Alaska Current raises the water temperature off the coast of the monument to approximately 55°F. in the summer, while winter temperatures range from 37.5° to 40°F. Temperatures in individual fjords vary due to tidewater glaciers and fresh water flowing into the fjords [...].
- 2010, M. E. Inall, P. A. Gillibrand, “The Physics of Mid-latitude Fjords: A Review”, in J. A. Howe, W. E. N. Austin, M. Forwick, M. Paetzel, editors, Fjord Systems and Archives (Geographical Society Special Publication; no. 344), London: The Geological Society, →ISBN, page 17:
- Why should the flow of water within a fjord be of interest to the geologist? After all, fjordic geomorphology has changed little over the last few thousand years. One reason is that attention has recently focused on fjords as archives of Holocene climate change.
- 2019, J. N. Moum, W. D. Smyth, “Upper Ocean Mixing”, in J. Kirk Cochran, Henry J. Bokuniewicz, Patricia L. Yager, editors, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, volume I (Marine Biogeochemistry), London, San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN, page 75:
- Fiords are glacially carved oceanic intrusions into land. They are often deep and narrow with a sill in the mouth. Waters from neighboring seas and locally supplied fresh water fill up the fiords, often leading to strong stratification. Fiords with tidewater glaciers also contain glacial ice. During transport into and stay in the fiord, mixing processes modify the properties of imported water masses.
Alternative forms
edit- fiord (now chiefly New Zealand)
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editDescendants
edit- → Japanese: フィヨルド (fiyorudo)
Translations
edit
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References
edit- ^ “fiord, fjord, n.”, in OED Online , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1896; “fjord”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
Czech
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Old Norse fjǫrðr.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord m inan
Declension
editDanish
editEtymology
editFrom Old Danish fiorth, from Old Norse fjǫrðr (“firth, fjord”), from Proto-Germanic *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”), from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord c (singular definite fjorden, plural indefinite fjorde)
Inflection
editDutch
editEtymology
editBorrowing from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord m (plural fjorden, diminutive fjordje n)
- fjord
- Fjord horse
- Synonym: fjordenpaard
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editFrench
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr. Doublet of port.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord m (plural fjords)
Descendants
editFurther reading
edit- “fjord”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Hungarian
editPronunciation
editNoun
editfjord (plural fjordok)
- fjord (a long, narrow, deep inlet between cliffs)
Declension
editInflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | fjord | fjordok |
accusative | fjordot | fjordokat |
dative | fjordnak | fjordoknak |
instrumental | fjorddal | fjordokkal |
causal-final | fjordért | fjordokért |
translative | fjorddá | fjordokká |
terminative | fjordig | fjordokig |
essive-formal | fjordként | fjordokként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | fjordban | fjordokban |
superessive | fjordon | fjordokon |
adessive | fjordnál | fjordoknál |
illative | fjordba | fjordokba |
sublative | fjordra | fjordokra |
allative | fjordhoz | fjordokhoz |
elative | fjordból | fjordokból |
delative | fjordról | fjordokról |
ablative | fjordtól | fjordoktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
fjordé | fjordoké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
fjordéi | fjordokéi |
Possessive forms of fjord | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | fjordom | fjordjaim |
2nd person sing. | fjordod | fjordjaid |
3rd person sing. | fjordja | fjordjai |
1st person plural | fjordunk | fjordjaink |
2nd person plural | fjordotok | fjordjaitok |
3rd person plural | fjordjuk | fjordjaik |
References
edit- Bakos, Ferenc and Pál Fábián. Idegen szavak és kifejezések szótára (’A Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989. →ISBN
Further reading
edit- fjord in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Norwegian Bokmål
editEtymology
editFrom Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Germanic *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”), from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord m (definite singular fjorden, indefinite plural fjorder, definite plural fjordene)
- a fjord
Usage notes
editIncorporated into the names of fjords as -fjorden.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- → Catalan: fiord
- → Dutch: fjord
- → English: fjord, fiord (now chiefly New Zealand)
- → Japanese: フィヨルド (fiyorudo)
- → French: fjord, fiord
- → Georgian: ფიორდი (piordi)
- → German: Fjord
- → Estonian: fjord
- → Hungarian: fjord
- → Italian: fiordo
- → Polish: fiord
- → Portuguese: fiorde
- → Russian: фьорд (fʹord)
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- → Slovak: fjord
- → Spanish: fiordo
References
edit“fjord” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
editEtymology
editFrom Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Germanic *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”), from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”). Akin to English firth.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord m (definite singular fjorden, indefinite plural fjordar, definite plural fjordane)
- a fjord
- a big long lake in Eastern Norway (e.g. Tyrifjorden, Tunhovdfjorden, Randsfjorden, Tisleifjorden)
Usage notes
editIncorporated into the names of fjords and lakes as -fjorden.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- → Catalan: fiord
- → Dutch: fjord
- → English: fjord, fiord (now chiefly New Zealand)
- → Japanese: フィヨルド (fiyorudo)
- → French: fjord, fiord
- → Georgian: ფიორდი (piordi)
- → German: Fjord
- → Estonian: fjord
- → Hungarian: fjord
- → Italian: fiordo
- → Polish: fiord
- → Portuguese: fiorde
- → Russian: фьорд (fʹord)
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- → Slovak: fjord
- → Spanish: fiordo
References
edit“fjord” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Serbo-Croatian
editEtymology
editFrom Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjȍrd m (Cyrillic spelling фјо̏рд)
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | fjȍrd | fjòrdovi |
genitive | fjorda | fjòrdōvā |
dative | fjordu | fjordovima |
accusative | fjord | fjordove |
vocative | fjorde | fjordovi |
locative | fjordu | fjordovima |
instrumental | fjordom | fjordovima |
References
edit- “fjord”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024
Slovak
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Norwegian fjord.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord m inan (related adjective fjordový)
Declension
editFurther reading
edit- “fjord”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024
Swedish
editEtymology
editFrom Old Swedish fiordher, from Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Norse *ᚠᛖᚱᚦᚢᛉ (*ferþuʀ), from Proto-Germanic *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”), from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”). Doublet of fjärd.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editfjord c
Declension
editnominative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | indefinite | fjord | fjords |
definite | fjorden | fjordens | |
plural | indefinite | fjordar | fjordars |
definite | fjordarna | fjordarnas |
Related terms
editSee also
editReferences
edit- fjord in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- fjord in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- fjord in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
- Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “fjord”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare)
- English terms borrowed from Norwegian
- English unadapted borrowings from Norwegian
- English terms derived from Norwegian
- English terms derived from Old Norse
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English doublets
- English 2-syllable words
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)d
- Rhymes:English/ɔː(ɹ)d/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English terms with quotations
- en:Bodies of water
- en:Landforms
- en:Water
- Czech terms borrowed from Old Norse
- Czech terms derived from Old Norse
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech nouns
- Czech masculine nouns
- Czech inanimate nouns
- Czech masculine inanimate nouns
- Czech hard masculine inanimate nouns
- cs:Bodies of water
- Danish terms derived from Old Danish
- Danish terms derived from Old Norse
- Danish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Danish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Danish/oːɐ̯
- Rhymes:Danish/oːɐ̯/1 syllable
- Danish terms with homophones
- Danish lemmas
- Danish nouns
- Danish common-gender nouns
- da:Bodies of water
- Dutch terms borrowed from Norwegian
- Dutch terms derived from Norwegian
- Dutch terms derived from Old Norse
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Dutch/ɔrt
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
- Dutch nouns with plural in -en
- Dutch masculine nouns
- nl:Bodies of water
- French terms borrowed from Norwegian
- French terms derived from Norwegian
- French terms derived from Old Norse
- French doublets
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French nouns
- French countable nouns
- French masculine nouns
- fr:Bodies of water
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ord
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ord/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- hu:Bodies of water
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with audio pronunciation
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål nouns
- Norwegian Bokmål masculine nouns
- nb:Bodies of water
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with IPA pronunciation
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk nouns
- Norwegian Nynorsk masculine nouns
- nn:Bodies of water
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Norwegian
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Old Norse
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian nouns
- Serbo-Croatian masculine nouns
- sh:Bodies of water
- Slovak terms borrowed from Norwegian
- Slovak terms derived from Norwegian
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak nouns
- Slovak masculine nouns
- Slovak inanimate nouns
- Slovak terms with declension dub
- sk:Bodies of water
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Swedish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare)
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Swedish
- Swedish terms derived from Old Swedish
- Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse
- Swedish terms derived from Old Norse
- Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Norse
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Norse
- Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Swedish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Swedish doublets
- Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish nouns
- Swedish common-gender nouns
- sv:Geography
- sv:Bodies of water