mund

See also: Mund and mund'

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle English and Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, protection, security”).

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/, /mʌnd/
Rhymes: -ʊnd, -ʌnd

NounEdit

mund (countable and uncountable, plural munds)

(obsolete) A hand.
(obsolete) Security, granted by a king or earl, the violation of which was punished by a fine (a mundbyrd).
(obsolete) Protection; guardianship.

Derived termsEdit

mundbreach

AnagramsEdit

UNDM

AlbanianEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-. Compare Old Norse munda (“aim, strive”), Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (mundōn, “look up”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), Ancient Greek μανθάνω (manthánō, “learn”), Lithuanian mañdras (“alert, awake, smart, minxish”).

Standard/Tosk variant of Gheg Albanian mûn(d); [d]-sound lost among majority Gheg dialects due to nasal vowels (which do not exist in Tosk).

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/

NounEdit

mund m (indefinite plural -, definite singular mundi) (Standard)
mûn(d) m (indefinite plural -, definite singular mûn(d)i) (Gheg)

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

Muji

Etymology 2Edit

Cognate to Arvanitic / Arbëresh Albanian múndënj^[1] and Gheg Albanian mûj. Lost [nd]-cluster among majority Gheg dialects (due to nasal vowels), while the [d]-sound in Tosk participle mundur shifted to a [t] in Gheg mûjt. Either from Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to pay attention, wisdom”) or Proto-Indo-European *magʰ- (“can, to be able (to do)”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *men(s)-dʰ(e)h₂ (“to learn”).

According to Gustav Meyer a cognate to Old High German muntar (“awake, alert, fresh”) and Lithuanian mundrùs (“cheerful, merry”) as cognates. Norbert Jokel agreed with Meyer and added cognated Lithuanian mandrùs (“high spirited”) and Proto-Slavic *mǫdrъ (“wise”).^[2]^[3]^[4] Going back to Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to pay attention, wisdom”). From the same P-I-E-root:
→ Proto-Germanic *mundōną, *mundraz (→ Old High German muntar (“awake, alter, fresh”))

→ Ancient Greek μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”) (→ reflecting on alb. noun mund (“agony, hard work, etc.”). See etymology 1 above).
According to Eqrem Çabej and Bardhyl Demiraj either a cognate to Greek μόγος (mógos, “trouble, distress”) (cf. albanian noun Albanian mund (“agony, hard work, trouble”)) or a cognate to Old High German magan (“to be able”).^[5]^[6] From Proto-Albanian *māK(e)nT-, from Proto-Indo-European *magʰ- (“can, to be able (to do)”). From the same P-I-E-root derived:
→ Proto-Slavic *moťь (→ Old Church Slavonic мошти (mošti, “to be able”))

→ Proto-Germanic *mahtiz, *mahtuz, *maginą (→ Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (magan, “to be able, have power”), Old High German magan, English may). Cf. English maybe, German möglich (“possibly”) with Albanian mundësi (“possibility”) and active mund switching its meaning from “can” to passive “could, try, maybe” (mundem).
Eric P. Hamp suggested to Lithuanian išmintìs (“to be able”)^[7] (cf. also Lithuanian išmėginti (“try”) and išmintìs (“wisdom”)).
Vladimir Orel derived it from Proto-Albanian *manda. Cognate to Lithuanian mudà (“possibility”), Lithuanian mudúoti (“to try, attempt”) and Sanskrit módate (“to rejoice, be merry”).^[8] Cf. meaning of Albanian mundësi (“possibility”), mundim (“trying”) and mundoj (“I try”) with the Baltic cognates.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /mʊnd/

VerbEdit

(active) mund (first-person singular past tense munda, participle mundur)^[9]
(active) mûj (first-person singular past tense mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(active, intransitive) I can, I am able; I have the opportunity, power or ability
(active) I beat, I win over, I conquer
(active) (grammatical particle used for conjunctive forms + të)
A mund të më tregoni shtëpinë?
Could you show me the house?
(active, 3rd person) could be possible; possibly, maybe, perhaps (used as a semi-auxiliary verb + të)
(active, 3rd person, negatory) unable/impossible + to (in combination with negatory s, s', nuk (but not with mos) + të (“to”))

(passive) múndem (first-person singular past tense u munda, participle mundur)^[10]
(passive) mûjhna (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(passive, reflexive) I can no longer, I can't; I am not able, impossible for me
(passive) maybe, perhaps, it could, so it be (as a particle)
Synonyms: mbase, ndoshta, vaki

VerbEdit

(active) mund (first-person singular past tense munda, participle mundur)^[11]
(active) mûj (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(active, transitive) I defeat, beat (someone); I emerge victorious (in a match, battle)
(active) I survive, get over, beat (a fear, illness, disease)
(active, figurative, 3rd person) (+ short pronoun forms) put down, take away/over (force, power, ability, etc.)
Më mundi gjumi.
The sleep took over me

(passive) múndem (first-person singular past tense u munda, participle mundur)^[12]
(passive) mûjhna (first-person singular past tense u mûjta, participle mûjt(un)) (Gheg)

(passive, reflexive) wrestle, fight or encounter with someone
Synonyms: luftoj, rrok, kap
(passive) I try to get over (it) (ache, pain, heartbreak, grief, hard work, etc.)
Synonyms: mundoj, provoj

ConjugationEdit

Standard Albanian conjugation of mund (active voice)

		singular (njëjës)			plural (shumës)
participle (pjesore)			mundur
gerund (përcjellore)			duke mundur
infinitive (paskajore)			për të mundur
		1st pers. (veta e 1rë)	2nd pers. (veta e 2të)	3rd pers. (veta e 3të)	1st pers. (veta e 1rë)	2nd pers. (veta e 2të)	3rd pers. (veta e 3të)
indicative (dëftore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	mund	mund	mund	mundim	mundni	mundin
	imperfect (e pakryer)	mundja	mundje	mundte	mundnim	mundnit	mundnin
	aorist (simple past) (e kryer e thjeshtë)	munda	munde	mundi	mundëm	mundët	mundën
	perfect (e kryer)	kam mundur	ke mundur	ka mundur	kemi mundur	keni mundur	kanë mundur
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	kisha mundur	kishe mundur	kishte mundur	kishim mundur	kishit mundur	kishin mundur
	aorist II (past perfect II) (e kryer e tejshkuar)	pata mundur	pate mundur	pati mundur	patëm mundur	patët mundur	patën mundur
	future¹ (e ardhme)	do të mund	do të mundësh	do të mundë	do të mundim	do të mundni	do të mundin
	future perfect² (e ardhme e përparme)	do të kem mundur	do të kesh mundur	do të ketë mundur	do të kemi mundur	do të keni mundur	do të kenë mundur

subjunctive (lidhore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	të mund	të mundësh	të mundë	të mundim	të mundni	të mundin
	imperfect (e pakryer)	të mundja	të mundje	të mundte	të mundnim	të mundnit	të mundnin
	perfect (e kryer)	të kem mundur	të kesh mundur	të ketë mundur	të kemi mundur	të keni mundur	të kenë mundur
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	të kisha mundur	të kishe mundur	të kishte mundur	të kishim mundur	të kishit mundur	të kishin mundur

conditional¹^,² (kushtore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	imperfect (e pakryer)	do të mundja	do të mundje	do të mundte	do të mundnim	do të mundnit	do të mundnin
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	do të kisha mundur	do të kishe mundur	do të kishte mundur	do të kishim mundur	do të kishit mundur	do të kishin mundur

optative (dëshirore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	mundsha	mundsh	mundtë	mundshim	mundshit	mundshin
	perfect (e kryer)	paça mundur	paç mundur	pastë mundur	paçim mundur	paçit mundur	paçin mundur

admirative (habitore)		unë	ti	ai/ajo	ne	ju	ata/ato
	present (e tashme)	mundkam	mundke	mundka	mundkemi	mundkeni	mundkan
	imperfect (pakryer)	mundkësha	mundkëshe	mundkësh	mundkëshim	mundkëshit	mundkëshin
	perfect (e kryer)	paskam mundur	paske mundur	paska mundur	paskemi mundur	paskeni mundur	paskan mundur
	past perfect (më se e kryer)	paskësha mundur	paskëshe mundur	paskësh mundur	paskëshim mundur	paskëshit mundur	paskëshin mundur
imperative (urdhërore)		—	ti	—	—	ju	—
imperative (urdhërore)	present (e tashme)	—	mund	—	—	mundni	—
¹) indicative future identical with conditional present ²) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Derived termsEdit

mundem (passive), mundur (participle)
mundësi f, mundësia f
mundim m, mundimi m
mundshëm, mundshme
mundbjerrët
mundës m, mundësi m
mundësisht
mundimshëm, mundimshme
mundoj (active), mundohem (passive), munduar (participle)
mundqar m, mundqari m
mundzi m, mundzezë f

ReferencesEdit

^ Bardhyl Demiraj, Peter Dayan (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz (Albanian Etymologies: Studies on the Albanian hereditary vocabulary), Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta GA, →ISBN, page 281, 460, 452
^ Gustav Meyer (1892) Albanesische Studien III. Lautlehre des indogermanischen Bestandteile des Albanesischen, Carl Gerold's Sohn, page 64, 80
^ Gustav Meyer (1891) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Trübner, page 291
^ Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 58
^ Eqrem Çabej (1976/1982) Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, Tiranë Akad. e Shkencave e RP të Shqipërisë, Inst. i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 357-358
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 281-283
^ Werner Winter (1965) Evidence for Laryngeals, The Hague, Mouton, page 138
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 277-278
^ [2] active verb mund (I - intransitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
^ [3] passive verb mundem (múndem) (I - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
^ [4] active verb mund (II - transitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)
^ [5] passive verb mundem (múndem) (II - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

DanishEdit

mund

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse muðr, munnr, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz, cognate with English mouth, German Mund.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /monˀ/, [ˈmɔnˀ]

NounEdit

mund c (singular definite munden, plural indefinite munde)

mouth (the opening of an animal through which food is ingested)

InflectionEdit

Declension of mund

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mund	munden	munde	mundene
genitive	munds	mundens	mundes	mundenes

Derived termsEdit

IcelandicEdit

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /mʏnt/
Rhymes: -ʏnt

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

NounEdit

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir)

(poetic) hand

DeclensionEdit

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s2	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundin	mundir	mundirnar
accusative	mund	mundina	mundir	mundirnar
dative	mund	mundinni	mundum	mundunum
genitive	mundar	mundarinnar	munda	mundanna

SynonymsEdit

(hand): hönd

Derived termsEdit

morgunstund gefur gull í mund (“the early bird catches the worm”)

Etymology 2Edit

Related to Old Norse munda (“to aim, to strive”), Old High German muntar (“keen, eager”), from Proto-Germanic *mundraz (“alert”).

NounEdit

mund f (genitive singular mundar, nominative plural mundir) or mund n (genitive singular munds, nominative plural mund)

Used only in set phrases.

DeclensionEdit

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s2	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundin	mundir	mundirnar
accusative	mund	mundina	mundir	mundirnar
dative	mund	mundinni	mundum	mundunum
genitive	mundar	mundarinnar	munda	mundanna

or

declension of mund

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular		plural
nominative	mund	mundið	mund	mundin
accusative	mund	mundið	mund	mundin
dative	mundi	mundinu	mundum	mundunum
genitive	munds	mundsins	munda	mundanna

Derived termsEdit

í sömu mund/í sama mund (“at the same time”)
um þær mundir (“in those days, around that time”)

Related termsEdit

mundur

Middle EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

munde, mounde, mound

EtymologyEdit

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /muːnd/, /mund/

NounEdit

mund (plural moundes or munden)

Might, ability, or skill.
Magnitude, greatness, utility, or usefulness.
(rare) Protection, guarding, defence
(rare) A hand, especially as a measurement.
(rare) A band of warriors or fighters.

DescendantsEdit

English: mound, mund
Scots: moond

ReferencesEdit

“mǒund(e, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-20.

Old EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand, guard, security”).

Cognate with Old Frisian mund m (“guardian”), Old Norse mund-r m (noun, literally “sum paid by a bridegroom for his bride”), Old Saxon mund (“hand”, noun), Old High German munt m (“protector”).

PronunciationEdit

IPA^(key): /mund/

NounEdit

mund f (nominative plural munda or munde)

(poetic) hand, palm as a measure of length. In this meaning is not used later than OE period [OED].
trust, security, protection
protector, guardian

DeclensionEdit

Declension of mund (strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	mund	munda, munde
accusative	munde	munda, munde
genitive	munde	munda
dative	munde	mundum

Derived termsEdit

DescendantsEdit

Middle English: mund
- English: mound, mund
⇒ English: Cholmondeley (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)
⇒ English: Chulmleigh (from Ċēolmunde + lēah)
⇒ English: Cholmondeston (from Ċēolmunde + -es + -tūn)

Old FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin mundus.

NounEdit

mund m (oblique plural munz or muntz, nominative singular munz or muntz, nominative plural mund)

the world

Old High GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-West Germanic *munþ.

NounEdit

mund m

(anatomy) mouth

DeclensionEdit

Declension of mund (masculine a-stem)

case	singular	plural
nominative	mund	munda
accusative	mund	munda
genitive	mundes	mundo
dative	munde	mundum
instrumental	mundu	—

Old NorseEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *mundō (“hand”). Further cognates see there.

NounEdit

mund f

hand

DescendantsEdit

Icelandic: mund
Old Swedish: mund

ReferencesEdit

“mund”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

RomanschEdit

Alternative formsEdit

mond (Surmiran)
muond (Puter, Vallader)

EtymologyEdit

From Latin mundus.

NounEdit

mund m (plural munds)

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan) world

SwedishEdit

NounEdit

mund c

(archaic) a mouth
Synonym: mun

DeclensionEdit

Declension of mund
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	mund	munden	mundar	mundarna
Genitive	munds	mundens	mundars	mundarnas

Derived termsEdit

inmundiga

ReferencesEdit

mund in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

[1] Bardhyl Demiraj, Peter Dayan (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz (Albanian Etymologies: Studies on the Albanian hereditary vocabulary), Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - Atlanta GA, →ISBN, page 281, 460, 452

[2] Gustav Meyer (1892) Albanesische Studien III. Lautlehre des indogermanischen Bestandteile des Albanesischen, Carl Gerold's Sohn, page 64, 80

[3] Gustav Meyer (1891) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Trübner, page 291

[4] Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 58

[5] Eqrem Çabej (1976/1982) Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, Tiranë Akad. e Shkencave e RP të Shqipërisë, Inst. i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 357-358

[6] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 281-283

[7] Werner Winter (1965) Evidence for Laryngeals, The Hague, Mouton, page 138

[8] Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 277-278

[9] [2] active verb mund (I - intransitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

[10] [3] passive verb mundem (múndem) (I - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

[11] [4] active verb mund (II - transitive) (aorist munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

[12] [5] passive verb mundem (múndem) (II - reflexive) (aorist u munda; participle mundur) • Fjalor Shqip (Albanian Dictionary)

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mund

EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

Derived termsEdit

AnagramsEdit

AlbanianEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

VerbEdit

ConjugationEdit

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

DanishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

InflectionEdit

Derived termsEdit

See alsoEdit

VerbEdit

IcelandicEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

NounEdit

DeclensionEdit

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

NounEdit

DeclensionEdit

Derived termsEdit

Related termsEdit

Middle EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

Old EnglishEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

DeclensionEdit

Derived termsEdit

DescendantsEdit

Old FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

NounEdit

Old High GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

NounEdit

DeclensionEdit

Old NorseEdit

EtymologyEdit

NounEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

RomanschEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

NounEdit

SwedishEdit

NounEdit

DeclensionEdit

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit