U+6CB3, 河
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CB3

[U+6CB2]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6CB4]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 85, +5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水一弓口 (EMNR), four-corner 31120, composition )

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 613, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17245
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1006, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1582, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+6CB3

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𢀎

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic (water) + phonetic (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Etymology edit

Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.

External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:

Pronunciation edit


Note:
  • Jinjiang, Hui'an:
    • ô - vernacular;
    • hô - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /xɤ³⁵/
    Harbin /xɤ²⁴/
    Tianjin /xɤ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /xə⁴²/
    Qingdao /xə⁴²/
    /xuə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xɤ⁴²/
    Xi'an /xuo²⁴/
    Xining /xu²⁴/
    Yinchuan /xə⁵³/
    Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xɤ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xuo²¹³/
    Chengdu /xo³¹/
    Guiyang /xo²¹/
    Kunming /xo³¹/
    Nanjing /xo²⁴/
    Hefei /xʊ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xɤ¹¹/
    Pingyao /xɔ¹³/
    /xei¹³/
    Hohhot /xɤ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /vu²³/
    Suzhou /ɦəu¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦo²¹³/
    Wenzhou /vu³¹/
    Hui Shexian /xo⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /xo⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /xo¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɦo¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /ho²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /ho¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ho¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔ²¹/
    Nanning /hɔ²¹/
    Hong Kong /hɔ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ho³⁵/
    /o³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /o⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ho⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ho³¹/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (33)
    Final () (94)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter ha
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɦɑ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɦɑ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ɣɑ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ɦa/
    Li
    Rong
    /ɣɑ/
    Wang
    Li
    /ɣɑ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ɣɑ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    ho4
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ ha ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[C.ɡ]ˁaj/
    English river

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7459
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ɡaːl/

    Definitions edit

    1. Yellow River, Huang He
      Synonym: 黃河黄河 (Huáng Hé)
        ―  nán  ―  Henan (literally, “south of the Yellow River”)
      1. (obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River
      2. (obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)
    2. (by extension) river, especially a smaller river, creek, or stream, as distinguished from and (Classifier: m c;  m)
        ―  liú  ―  river
        ―  xiǎo   ―  small river, stream
    3. (obsolete) streamside; riverside
    4. (literary, figurative) Milky Way
    5. (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 河粉 (héfěn).
      乾炒牛干炒牛 [Cantonese]  ―  gon1 caau2 ngau4 ho4-2 [Jyutping]  ―  beef chow fun
    6. a surname: He; Ho

    Synonyms edit

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    • Wutunhua: xhe

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. river

    Readings edit

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Kanji in this term
    かわ
    Grade: 5
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    かわ1
    [noun] river, stream, brook
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2 edit

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 5
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese (MC ha).

    Affix edit

    () (ka

    1. river

    Etymology 3 edit

    Kanji in this term
    ホー
    Grade: 5
    irregular

    From Chinese (). The pronunciation is most similar to Cantonese /hɔː²¹/, although most Japanese mahjong terminology is taken from early 20th Century Mandarin.

    Noun edit

    (ホー) or (ホウ) (

    1. (mahjong) river: a player's discard pile

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC ha).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun (mul ha))

    1. Hanja form? of (river).

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Việt readings: ((hàn)(ca)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    : Nôm readings: [1][2][4][6]

    1. chữ Hán form of (river).

    Compounds edit

    References edit