無德

Chinese

		not have	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (無德)		無	德
simp. (无德)		无	德

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wúdé

  (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄉㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁴ dak¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wúdé
    • Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄉㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wúdé
    • Wade–Giles: wu²-tê²
    • Yale: wú-dé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuder
    • Palladius: удэ (udɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³⁵ tɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: mou⁴ dak¹
    • Yale: mòuh dāk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁴ dak⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: mou⁴ deg¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: mju tok

Rime
Character	無	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	武夫切	多則切
Baxter	mju	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨo/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mio/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/mio/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muə̆/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/mio/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/mĭu/	/tək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯u/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wú	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mou4	dak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma  tˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ma  tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	無	德
Reading #	1/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wú	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ mju ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*ma/	/*tˁək/
English	not have	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	無	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13117	17266
Phonetic component	無	直
Rime group	魚	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	無	德
Old Chinese	/*ma/	/*tɯːɡ/

Verb

無德

1. (literary) to be immoral; to lack morality or proper behaviour

   • 無德而祿，殃也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     无德而禄，殃也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Wúdé ér lù, yāng yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 君子哀無人，不哀無賄；哀無德，不哀無寵。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君子哀无人，不哀无贿；哀无德，不哀无宠。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

     Jūnzǐ āi wúrén, bù āi wú huì; āi wúdé, bù āi wú chǒng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 漁者利其肉，寡者貪其力，下為不仁，上為無德。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     渔者利其肉，寡者贪其力，下为不仁，上为无德。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Yú zhě lì qí ròu, guǎ zhě tān qí lì, xià wéi bùrén, shàng wéi wúdé. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Noun

無德

1. (literary) immoral person; someone who does not live morally

   • 鬼神不順無德，災殃將及吏人，朕甚懼焉！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     鬼神不顺无德，灾殃将及吏人，朕甚惧焉！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5^th century CE

     Guǐshén bù shùn wúdé, zāiyāng jiāng jí lìrén, zhèn shèn jù yān! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)