誓言

Chinese

		oath; vow; to swear oath; vow; to swear; to pledge	to speak; to say; talk to speak; to say; talk; word
simp. and trad. (誓言)		誓	言

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shìyán

  (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ ㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): sai⁶ jin⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ-ngièn / sṳ-ngiàn
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sē-giân / sè-giân / sī-gân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): si⁷ ngang⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shìyán
    • Zhuyin: ㄕˋ ㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shìhyán
    • Wade–Giles: shih⁴-yen²
    • Yale: shr̀-yán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyhyan
    • Palladius: шиянь (šijanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: sai⁶ jin⁴
    • Yale: saih yìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sai⁶ jin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: sei⁶ yin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐi̯²² jiːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ-ngièn
    • Hakka Romanization System: sii ngienˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: si⁴ ngian²
    • Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ-ngiàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: sii ngianˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: si⁴ ngian²
    • Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sē-giân
    • Tâi-lô: sē-giân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sexgieen
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /se⁴¹⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /se²²⁻²¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /se³³⁻²¹ ɡiɛn²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /se³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sè-giân
    • Tâi-lô: sè-giân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sea'gieen
    • IPA (Xiamen): /se²¹⁻⁵³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /se¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /se²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡiɛn²³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī-gân
    • Tâi-lô: sī-gân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sixgaan
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /si²²⁻²¹ ɡan¹³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: si⁷ ngang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sī ngâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /si¹¹ ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: dzyejH ngjon

Rime
Character	誓	言
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	祭 (35)	元 (65)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	時制切	語軒切
Baxter	dzyejH	ngjon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇiH/	/ŋɨɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛiH/	/ŋiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæiH/	/ŋiɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiajH/	/ŋɨan/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛiH/	/ŋiɐn/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛiH/	/ŋĭɐn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛiH/	/ŋɨ̯ɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shì	yán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sai6	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d][a]t-s  ŋa[n]|ŋa[r]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljeds  ŋan/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	誓	言	言	言	言
Reading #	1/1	1/4	2/4	3/4	4/4
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shì	yán	yán	yán	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyejH ›	‹ ngjon ›	‹ ngjon ›	‹ ngjon ›	‹ ngjon ›
Old Chinese	/*[d][a]t-s/	/*ŋa[n]/	/*ŋa[n]/	/*ŋa[n]/	/*ŋa[r]/
English	swear	(a particle)	I, we	speak; speech	tall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	誓	言
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	16934	14271
Phonetic component	折	言
Rime group	祭	元
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	逝	言
Old Chinese	/*ɦljeds/	/*ŋan/

Noun

誓言

1. oath; pledge; vow

   • 爾不從誓言，予則孥戮汝，罔有攸赦。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     尔不从誓言，予则孥戮汝，罔有攸赦。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

     Ěr bù cóng shìyán, yǔ zé núlù rǔ, wǎng yǒu yōu shè. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• 誓詞／誓词 (shìcí)

Verb

誓言

1. (literary) to vow to; to pledge to; to make an oath to

   • 於是莊公遷其母武姜於城潁，誓言曰：「不至黃泉，毋相見也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     于是庄公迁其母武姜于城颍，誓言曰：「不至黄泉，毋相见也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Yúshì Zhuānggōng qiān qí mǔ Wǔ Jiāng yú chéng Yǐng, shìyán yuē: “Bù zhì Huángquán, wú xiàngjiàn yě.” [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• 咒喙 (ciu̿-chṳ̿) (Northern Min)
• 咒誓 (zhòushì) (literary or Min Nan)
• 宣誓 (xuānshì)
• 發誓／发誓 (fāshì)
• 盟誓
• 矢誓 (shǐshì) (literary)
• 立誓 (lìshì)
• 罰咒／罚咒 (Wu)
• 詛喙／诅喙 (có-chói) (Eastern Min)
• 賭咒／赌咒 (dǔzhòu)
• 賭誓／赌誓 (dǔshì)
• 起誓 (qǐshì)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (誓言):

• → Japanese: 誓言(せいげん) (seigen); 誓言(せいごん) (seigon)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
誓	言
せい Grade: S	げん Grade: 2
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) せーげん [sèégéń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [se̞ːɡẽ̞ɴ]

Noun

誓(せい)言(げん) • (seigen) 

1. oath; pledge; vow

Verb

誓(せい)言(げん)する • (seigen suru) suru (stem 誓(せい)言(げん)し (seigen shi), past 誓(せい)言(げん)した (seigen shita))

1. to vow to; to pledge to; to make an oath to

Conjugation

Conjugation of "誓言する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	誓言し	せいげんし	seigen shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	誓言し	せいげんし	seigen shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	誓言する	せいげんする	seigen suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	誓言する	せいげんする	seigen suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	誓言すれ	せいげんすれ	seigen sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	誓言せよ¹ 誓言しろ²	せいげんせよ¹ せいげんしろ²	seigen seyo¹ seigen shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	誓言される	せいげんされる	seigen sareru
Causative	誓言させる 誓言さす	せいげんさせる せいげんさす	seigen saseru seigen sasu
Potential	誓言できる	せいげんできる	seigen dekiru
Volitional	誓言しよう	せいげんしよう	seigen shiyō
Negative	誓言しない	せいげんしない	seigen shinai
Negative continuative	誓言せず	せいげんせず	seigen sezu
Formal	誓言します	せいげんします	seigen shimasu
Perfective	誓言した	せいげんした	seigen shita
Conjunctive	誓言して	せいげんして	seigen shite
Hypothetical conditional	誓言すれば	せいげんすれば	seigen sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
誓	言
せい Grade: S	ごん Grade: 2
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) せーごん [sèégóń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [se̞ːɡõ̞ɴ]

Noun

誓(せい)言(ごん) • (seigon) 

1. oath; pledge; vow

Verb

誓(せい)言(ごん)する • (seigon suru) suru (stem 誓(せい)言(ごん)し (seigon shi), past 誓(せい)言(ごん)した (seigon shita))

1. to vow to; to pledge to; to make an oath to

Conjugation

Conjugation of "誓言する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	誓言し	せいごんし	seigon shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	誓言し	せいごんし	seigon shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	誓言する	せいごんする	seigon suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	誓言する	せいごんする	seigon suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	誓言すれ	せいごんすれ	seigon sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	誓言せよ¹ 誓言しろ²	せいごんせよ¹ せいごんしろ²	seigon seyo¹ seigon shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	誓言される	せいごんされる	seigon sareru
Causative	誓言させる 誓言さす	せいごんさせる せいごんさす	seigon saseru seigon sasu
Potential	誓言できる	せいごんできる	seigon dekiru
Volitional	誓言しよう	せいごんしよう	seigon shiyō
Negative	誓言しない	せいごんしない	seigon shinai
Negative continuative	誓言せず	せいごんせず	seigon sezu
Formal	誓言します	せいごんします	seigon shimasu
Perfective	誓言した	せいごんした	seigon shita
Conjunctive	誓言して	せいごんして	seigon shite
Hypothetical conditional	誓言すれば	せいごんすれば	seigon sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
誓	言
ちか Grade: S	こと > ごと Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕika̠ɡo̞to̞]

Noun

誓(ちか)言(ごと) • (chikagoto) 

1. oath; pledge; vow