予
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Translingual edit
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Han character edit
予 (Kangxi radical 6, 亅+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈弓弓 (NINN), four-corner 17202, composition ⿱龴𠄐)
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №127
Derived characters edit
- 伃, 𠰄, 㘧, 妤, 㜿, 𢎻, 𭛞, 忬, 抒, 汿, 𤝉, 䦽, 杼, 沀, 㶦, 𤤂, 𨑦, 㐨, 𤰩, 𥄛, 䂛, 𥝱, 紓(纾), 𦍗, 𧠐, 𧦃, 𧺥, 𨋋, 野, 𨱢, 𨥤, 舒, 魣(𮬛), 𪐧, 𮓪, 𭌗, 𪜝, 預(预), 𣖦, 𩿎, 豫, 㮊, 序, 芧, 𤵈, 𥩧, 𬯺, 𣏗, 𡍳, 㙒, 𡆹
Further reading edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 85, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 231
- Dae Jaweon: page 174, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 52, character 2
- Unihan data for U+4E88
Chinese edit
Glyph origin edit
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Jiajie (假借) and Ideogram (指事) . Originally 吕 (OC *ɡ·raʔ) borrowed for sound, later 亅 was added as a distinguishing mark.
Etymology 1 edit
| simp. and trad. |
予 | |
|---|---|---|
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la (“to pay; to give for”).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
予
Compounds edit
Etymology 2 edit
| simp. and trad. |
予 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
與 (OC *laʔ) is often considered to be the original character (Lin, 1998, 1999; Mei, 2007); Taiwan's Ministry of Education considers the cognate 予 (OC *laʔ) to be the original character. In either case, this would be the same word as etymology 1.
Alternatively, Zhao (1991) argues that this is a Kra-Dai substrate, suggesting a borrowing from Proto-Tai *haɰꟲ (“to give”), whence Zhuang hawj (“to give; to allow”) and Bouyei haec (“to give; to allow”). Note that the Tai word has been connected to Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX, “to allow”) (Manomaivibool, 1975). On the other hand, Zheng (2008) considers both the Hokkien word and the Kra-Dai word to be derived from 與.
Assuming 與 to be the etymon, there are also various theories on the development of the h- initial:
- Old Chinese /*ɡl/ → /*ɡ/ → /*ɣ/ → /h/ (Mei, 2007);
- Fricativization of the /*l/ initial in Old Chinese, possibly originating in the Chu dialect (Zheng, 2008);
- /tʰ/ (Quanzhou) → /h/ (other varieties) (Lin, 1998; Zhou, 2006; Taiwan's Ministry of Education).
Sagart (2017c) considers 與／与 to be a problematic etymon but agrees with the third theory on the development of h- above. He suggests that a possible trigger for the change from /tʰ/ to /h/ is that /tʰɔ/ is often used with 乞 /kʰit/, allowing /kʰit tʰɔ/ to be reanalysed as /kʰit hɔ/. This etymology was also independently proposed by Lien (2002).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
予
- (Hokkien) to give
- (Teochew) to deliver; to give
- (Hokkien) to allow
- 予伊去！ [Hokkien] ― Hō͘ i khì! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Let it go!
- (Hokkien) to cause; to make
- (Hokkien, Teochew) by (used in constructing the passive)
- 伊予人拍。 [Hokkien] ― I hō͘ lâng phah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― He was beaten up (by someone).
- (Penang Hokkien) to pay
Synonyms edit
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 付 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 付 |
| Guilin | 付 | |
| Yangzhou | 付 | |
| Malaysia | 還, 付 | |
| Singapore | 還, 付 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 畀 |
| Hong Kong | 畀 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 畀 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 付 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 還 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 付 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 付 |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 予 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 還 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 把拉, 還 obsolete | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 付 |
Derived terms edit
- hőng (Min Nan)
- 樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱／树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台 (chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai) (Min Nan)
Etymology 3 edit
| simp. and trad. |
予 | |
|---|---|---|
Traditionally considered a variant of 余 (OC *la), however Shijing and Chuci rhymes suggests that the expected tone reflex was rising tone, similar to Pronunciation 1 (Mattos, 1971; Pulleyblank, 1995), which corresponds to a glottal stop coda in Old Chinese. It could thus be reanalyzed an emphatic form of the *l- series of first-person pronouns, similar to 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “me, us”) compared to 吾 (OC *ŋaː, “I, we”) in the *ŋ- series.
Cognate with 余 (OC *la), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”), 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ). Further etymology is obscure (Schuessler, 2007). Li F. (1976) reconstructs Old Chinese *rag, and compares it to Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“first person plural pronoun”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”). However, Schuessler considers this etymon belonging to 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs, “both”).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
予
- (obsolete) Alternative form of 余 (“I, me”)
- 夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厭之！天厭之！」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Fūzǐ shǐ zhī yuē: “Yú suǒ pǐ zhě, tiān yàn zhī! Tiān yàn zhī!” [Pinyin]
- On which the Master swore, saying, "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! May Heaven reject me!"
夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厌之！天厌之！」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname
Synonyms edit
Compounds edit
Etymology 4 edit
| For pronunciation and definitions of 予 – see 豫 (“relaxed; comfortable; at ease; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified and variant form of 豫). |
Notes:
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Etymology 5 edit
| For pronunciation and definitions of 予 – see 預 (“beforehand, in advance; to take part in; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 預). |
Notes:
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Further reading edit
- “Entry #573”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese edit
| 予 | |
| 豫 |
Kanji edit
(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 豫)
- beforehand, in advance
Readings edit
- Go-on: よ (yo, Jōyō); しょ (sho)←しよ (syo, historical); じょ (jo)←ぢよ (dyo, historical)
- Kan-on: よ (yo, Jōyō); しょ (sho)←しよ (syo, historical); ちょ (cho)←ちよ (tyo, historical)
- Kun: あらかじめ (arakajime, 予め); かねて (kanete, 予て)
Compounds edit
Kanji edit
- I; me
- to give
Readings edit
- On (unclassified): よ (yo, Jōyō)
- Kun: われ (ware, 予); あたえる (ataeru, 予える)←あたへる (ataferu, 予へる, historical); ゆるす (yurusu, 予す)[1]
Compounds edit
Etymology edit
| Kanji in this term |
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| 予 |
| よ Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
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| 余 |
From Middle Chinese 予 (MC yo).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
- first-person personal pronoun; I, me
- 1802-1814: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (volume 1)
- 予此街道に毫をはせて膝栗毛の書を著す。
- I, on this highway, in a little while, "Hizakurige"'s lyrics I'll write
- 1802-1814: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (volume 1)
References edit
- ^ “予”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Asō, Isoji (1958) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 62: Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean edit
Hanja edit
予 (eum 여 (yeo))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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