brat
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Early Modern English (ca. 1500) slang term meaning "beggar's child". Possibly from Scots bratchet (“bitch, hound”). Or, possibly originally a dialectal word, from northern and western England and the Midlands, for a "makeshift or ragged garment," from Old English bratt (“cloak”), which is from a Celtic source (Old Irish brat (“cloak, cloth”)).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat (plural brats)
- (slang) A human child.
- 2012 March 2, Dan Shive, El Goonish Shive (webcomic), Comic for Friday, Mar 2, 2012:
- "So... you want to have kids someday?" "Uh... well, yes. I always figured I'd have a couple brats of my own someday..." "That's still doable, you know." "I know, but the process is a lot more complicated and less intimate, and --"
- (derogatory) A child who is regarded as mischievous, unruly, spoiled, or selfish.
- Get that little brat away from me!
- 1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 297:
- He would never speak a word, - only eat and cry, and she hadn't the heart to strike it or illtreat the youngster either; but somebody taught her a charm to make him speak, and then she found out what kind of a brat he really was.
- (slang) A child (at any age) of an active member of the military or the diplomatic service.
- an army brat
- A turbot or flatfish.
- 1843, Thomas Wilson, The Movement[The Pitman's Pay: And Other Poems]:
- For the crabby awd dealers in ling, cod, and brats / And the vurgins that tempt us wi' nice maiden skyet...
- (historical) A rough cloak or ragged garment.
- 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Line 881”, in The Canon's Yeoman's Tale[2]:
- Whicħ þat þey myght / wrape hem in at nyght / And a brat / to walk in / by day-light
- 1961, Audrey I. Barfoot, Everyday costume in Britain: from the earliest times to 1900, page 80:
- The chief's daughter wears a brat and léine girdled with a criss.
- 2005, Seán Duffy, Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia, →ISBN, page 156:
- The prevailing style of dress in the early medieval period comprised a léine (tunic) worn under a brat (cloak).
- 2006, Celtic Culture: A-Celti, →ISBN, page 1272:
- Women wore loose, flowing, ankle-length robes modelled on 11th-century European fashion (derived from what O'Neill called the léine) and, perhaps, a brat over these.
- (obsolete, UK, Scotland, dialect) A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib.
- 1882, John Strathesk, “pp. 135”, in Blinkbonny[The English Dialect Dictionary... brat]:
- [She] had still on the rough worsted apron of nappy homespun wool, called a "brat".
- (obsolete) The young of an animal.
- c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:
- Their ſhoulders broad, for complet armour fit,
Their lims more large and of a bigger ſize
Than all the brats yſprong from Typhons loins:
- 1680, Roger L'Estrange, Citt and Bumpkin:
- They are your Will-Worship-men, your Prelates Brats: Take the whole Litter of’um, and you’ll finde never a barrel better Herring.
Synonyms edit
- See also Thesaurus:child.
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
|
Verb edit
brat (third-person singular simple present brats, present participle bratting, simple past and past participle bratted)
- (BDSM, intransitive) To act in a bratty manner (as the submissive).
- 2021, Ardie Stallard, Switch: A Tale of Spanking, BDSM & Romance:
- Ruthie was Ed's own submissive, a short, pretty, feisty ash-blonde New York City native who combined her submission to Ed with a good deal of mischievous bratting and a lot of sharp, intelligent conversation […]
- 2020, Jessica M. Kratzer, Communication in Kink, page 43:
- Rather, Ana moves between playful bratting and a type of “conquer me” wantedness that good Dominants would respond to with increased control and correction.
References edit
- Oxford English Dictionary, 1884–1928, and First Supplement, 1933.
Etymology 2 edit
Shortened from bratwurst, from German Bratwurst.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat (plural brats)
- (informal, Upper Midwestern US) Bratwurst.
- 2020, Brandon Taylor, Real Life, Daunt Books Originals, page 267:
- There are many people loitering, eating ice cream, talking, eating brats.
Translations edit
See also edit
Etymology 3 edit
Noun edit
brat (plural brats)
Etymology 4 edit
Noun edit
brat
- (military) Acronym of Born, Raised, And Transferred.
Anagrams edit
Danish edit
Etymology edit
A merger of two unrelated adjectives:
- Old Norse *brantr (east), brattr (west), from Proto-Germanic *brantaz, cognate with Norwegian bratt, Swedish brant, English brant.
- Old Norse bráðr (“hasty, sudden”), from Proto-Germanic *brēþaz (“hot, in a hurry, rushed”), cognate with Norwegian brå, Swedish bråd. In early modern Danish, the latter meaning also had the form brad, with the neuter bradt.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
brat (plural and definite singular attributive bratte, comparative brattere, superlative (predicative) brattest, superlative (attributive) bratteste)
References edit
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat n (uncountable)
- Alternative form of brat.
German edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
brat
Irish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Irish bratt, from Proto-Celtic *brattos (compare Welsh brethyn (“cloth”), from *brattinyos).
Noun edit
brat m (genitive singular brait, nominative plural brait)
- mantle, cloak
- Proverb: Ná leath do bhrat ach mar is féidir leat a chonlú.
- Cut your coat according to your cloth.
- (literally, “Don’t spread your cloak farther than you can fold it.”)
- Proverb:
- covering
- (theater) curtain
- Alternative form of bratach (“flag”)
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
- aerbhrat (“atmosphere”)
- brat allais (“sweat-cloth; lather of sweat”)
- brat altóra (“vestment, altar-cloth”)
- brat Bhríde (“(piece of cloth representing) St. Brigid’s mantle”)
- brat boird (“table-cloth”)
- brat brád (“neckerchief”)
- brat bróin (“pall”)
- brat cinn (“head-dress, kerchief”)
- brat deataigh (“smoke-screen”)
- brat dín (“protective covering”)
- brat móna (“cut turf spread on bog”)
- brat reatha (“carpet runner”)
- brat sneachta (“mantle of snow”)
- brata (“carpeted, covered (with)”)
- bratchreimeadh (“sheet erosion”)
- brateagraíocht (“umbrella organization”)
- bratfhiaile (“blanketweed”)
- bratlong (“flagship”)
- bratóg (“small cloak, covering; rag; flake”)
- bratsáirsint (“colour-sergeant”)
- bratscair (“layered, spread-out, material; covering”)
- ceannbhrat (“canopy”)
- fo-bhrat (“undercoat”)
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun edit
brat m (genitive singular brat, nominative plural bratanna)
Declension edit
Mutation edit
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
brat | bhrat | mbrat |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading edit
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “brat”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “bratt”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Entries containing “brat” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 49
- Entries containing “brat” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Kashubian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bràtrъ.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m pers
Declension edit
Further reading edit
- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “brat”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego[3] (in Kashubian), page 11
- Bernard Sychta (1967-1973) “brat”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich, volume 1, page 65
- Jan Trepczyk (1994) “brat”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1-2
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “brat”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[4]
- “brat”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Lower Sorbian edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
brat
Masurian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Polish brat.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m pers
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- brother (male companion or friend, usually with the same interests, experience, views, etc.)
- brother (fellow human being)
- brother endearing term of address for a male
Further reading edit
Old Polish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bràtrъ. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m pers (diminutive bratek or bratrzyk, related adjective bratni or bratów or bracki)
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter][7], Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 34, 17:
- Iaco blisznego, iaco brata naszego, taco lub iesm bil (quasi proximum, et quasi fratrem nostrum, sic complacebam)
- [Jako bliźniego i jako brata naszego tako lub jeśm był (quasi proximum, et quasi fratrem nostrum, sic complacebam)]
- 1922 [End of the 14th century], Jan Łoś, editor, Początki piśmiennictwa polskiego. (Przegląd zabytków językowych)[8], page 233:
- Bo on... gescz oczecz nasz i brat nasz
- [Bo on... jeść ociec nasz i brat nasz]
- brother (sibling of further connection, i.e. a half-brother)
- 1873, Zygmunt Gloger, editor, Ułamek starożytnego kazania o małżeństwie[9]:
- Pamyøtay, yze Tanita (pro Tamara) od swego brata czystotø szgubila
- [Pamiętaj, iże Tanita (pro Thamar) od swego brata czystotę zgubiła]
- 1885 [1489], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne[10], volume V, page 30:
- Brath przyrodny novercarius
- [Brat przyrodni novercarius]
- brother (member of the same lineage)
- 1910 [3], Rocznik Towarzystwa Heraldycznego, page III:
- 1389
- [Szeczslaw yest nasz brath, naszego sczitha y zawolana]
- Sieczsław jest nasz brat, naszego szczyta i zawołania
- brother (member of the same community)
- 1930 [Fifteenth century], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[11], 31, 32:
- U kogokoly swe bogy naydzesz, bødze przede wszemy brati nassymy zagubyon (necetur coram fratribus nostris)
- [U kogokoli swe bogi najdziesz, będzie przede wszemi braty naszymi zagubion (necetur coram fratribus nostris)]
- 1928 [c. 1475], “Kmieć wielkopolski w zapiskach sądowych średniowiecznych”, in Kazimierz Tymieniecki, Zygmunt Lisowski, editors, Sprawozdania Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, volume IV, page 44:
- Bracza naschy lawnyczy post nos ad scampnum locati
- [Bracia naszy ławnicy post nos ad scampnum locati]
- brother term of address
- c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie[12], page cr 11:
- Vidce, braca mila, zbauene, vidce uelike sina bozego priiazny
- [Widzcie, bracia miła, zbawienie, widzcie wielikie Syna Bożego przyjaźni]
- brother (fellow human being)
- 1447, Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume I, page 2:
- Nye zabyyay bratha thwego (non occides Deut 5, 17)
- [Nie zabijaj brat twego (non occides Deut 5, 17)]
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “brat”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “brat”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- Mańczak, Witold (2017) “brat”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “brat”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “brat”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “brat”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Old Slovak edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bràtrъ. First attested in 1454.
Noun edit
brat m pers
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- brother (member of the same community, especially a church)
Descendants edit
- Slovak: brat
References edit
- Majtán, Milan et al., editors (1991–2008), “brat”, in Historický slovník slovenského jazyka [Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–7 (A – Ž), Bratislava: VEDA, →OCLC
Polish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Polish brat.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m pers (diminutive braciszek, abbreviation br. or b.)
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- Coordinate term: siostra
- brother (male having at least one parent in common with another)
- Coordinate term: siostra
- przyrodni brat ― half brother
- (religion) brother (member of a men's religious order)
- Synonym: zakonnik
- brother (member of a fraternity, tribe, or brotherhood)
- brother (male companion or friend, usually with the same interests, experience, views, etc.)
- brother (fellow human being)
- brother endearing term of address for a male
- (Middle Polish) brother; Further details are uncertain.
- 1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius[13], page 166:
- Frater […] eyn bruder Brat
- 1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon[15], page 97b:
- Dulciſſime frater, Namilſzi Brácie.
- 1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon[16], page 136a:
- Frater […] Brát.
- 1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon[17], page 151a:
- Habeo te fratrem, Mam cie zá brátá.
- 1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon[18], page 266d:
- Optime et dulciſſime frater, Naylepſzy á naymilſzy brácie.
- 1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum[19], page 433b:
- Frater ‒ Brat.
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
- brachol
- bracia czescy
- bracia mniejsi
- bracia morawscy
- bracia polscy
- bracia syjamscy
- bractwo
- brać
- brat ksero
- brat łata
- brat mleczny
- brat polski
- bratanek
- bratanica
- bratanka
- bratczyk
- bratek
- brateńko
- bratowa
- bratul
- bratunio
- ciepły brat
- cioteczny brat
- ni brat ni swat
- pobratymca
- pobratymiec
- pobratymstwo
- półbrat
- przyrodni brat
- rodzony brat
- rozbrat
- starsi bracia w wierze
- stryjeczny brat
- wujeczny brat
- bratać impf
- być za pan brat impf
Trivia edit
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), brat is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 4 times in scientific texts, 3 times in news, 0 times in essays, 25 times in fiction, and 50 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 82 times, making it the 779th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References edit
Further reading edit
- brat in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- bracie in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- brat in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “brat”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “BRAT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 14.11.2018
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “brat”, in Słownik języka polskiego[20]
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “brat”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861[21]
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “brat”, in Słownik języka polskiego[22] (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 201
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic братъ (bratŭ). Doublet of bărat.
Noun edit
brat m (plural brați)
Declension edit
Related terms edit
Scottish Gaelic edit
Etymology edit
From Old Irish bratt, from Proto-Celtic *brattos (compare Welsh brethyn (“cloth”), from *brattinyos).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m (genitive singular brata, plural bratan)
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Mutation edit
Scottish Gaelic mutation | |
---|---|
Radical | Lenition |
brat | bhrat |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Serbo-Croatian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bratrъ, *bratъ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brȁt m (Cyrillic spelling бра̏т, diminutive brȁtić, relational adjective bràtskī)
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- brother, mate, pal, buddy when used in informal speech to address somebody in the vocative
Usage notes edit
There is no plural form for this noun. Instead, the collective term brȁća is used for plural meanings.
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Silesian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Polish brat.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m pers (diminutive bracik)
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- Coordinate term: siostra
- (religion) brother (member of a men's religious order)
- Synonym: zakonnik
- brother (male companion or friend, usually with the same interests, experience, views, etc.)
Declension edit
Further reading edit
- brat in dykcjonorz.eu
- brat in silling.org
- Aleksandra Wencel (2023) “brat”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski[23], page 75
Slovak edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Slovak brat.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m anim (genitive singular brata, nominative plural bratia, genitive plural bratov, declension pattern of chlap)
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
Declension edit
Further reading edit
- “brat”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Slovene edit
Alternative forms edit
- (br, dialectal)
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bratrъ, *bratъ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brȁt m anim
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
- (literary, archaic) brother (someone of the same or closely related nationality)
- (literary, by extension) brother (someone sharing the same opinions)
Inflection edit
The template Template:sl-decl-noun-table3 does not use the parameter(s):acc=1Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , vowel lengthening, ending -je in nominative plural | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | brȁt | ||
gen. sing. | bráta | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
brȁt | bráta | brátje, bráti |
genitive rodȋlnik |
bráta | brātov | brātov |
dative dajȃlnik |
brátu, bráti, brātu+ prep. | brátoma, brátama | brátom, brátam |
accusative tožȋlnik |
bráta | bráta | bráte |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
brātu, bráti | brātih, brātah | brātih, brātah |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
brátom | brátoma, brátama | brāti |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
brȁt, brate[acc?] | brȃta | brȃti |
Further reading edit
- “brat”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
- “brat”, in Termania, Amebis
- See also the general references
Slovincian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bratrъ.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat m pers
- brother (son of the same parents as another person)
Declension edit
Further reading edit
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “brãt”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[24] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 64
- Zenon Sobierajski, editor (1997), “brat”, in Słownik gwarowy tzw. Słowińców kaszubskich [Dialectal dictionary of so-called Kashubian Slovincians][25], volume 1. A-C, Warsaw: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, →ISBN, page 112
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from English brat (“spoiled child”).
Noun edit
brat c
- (slang) person who is very careful about following fashion trends; someone who rarely ever acts independently but rather follows peer pressure, usually maintaining an appearance of visible wealth
Usage notes edit
- Mainly used in plural, as a collective noun.
- Can occasionally be seen considered as neuter rather than common.
Synonyms edit
Anagrams edit
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
Middle English bratt (“cloak”) or from Middle Irish bratt.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
brat f (plural bratiau or bratau, diminutive bretyn)
Derived terms edit
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
brat | frat | mrat | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “brat”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies