և

See also: -և and եւ

և U+0587, և ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE ECH YIWN ← ֆ [U+0586] Armenian ֈ → [U+0588]

Armenian

Alternative forms

• եւ (ew) – alternative typography

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛv], (word-initially or separately) IPA^(key): [jɛv]

• Audio (word-initially or separately)

  (file)

Etymology 1

A ligature of ե + ւ.

Letter

և

և lowercase (uppercase ԵՒ, title-case Եւ)

1. The 37th letter of Armenian alphabet according to Reformed Orthography. Represents [ɛv] (but [jɛv] word-initially and separately). Transliterated as ew.

Usage notes

• This letter was created in the result of the spelling reform of the Armenian language of 1922–1924. The Traditional Armenian orthography treats և as a ligature of ե (e) + ւ (w) and not as a separate letter.
• When used in sentence case, the capital form of the letter is Եվ. However, in all caps text it is ԵՎ.
• Can be spelled as a digraph եւ (ew) both in reformed and traditional orthography.

See also

• (The Armenian script): Աա   Բբ   Գգ   Դդ   Եե   Զզ   Էէ   Ըը   Թթ   Ժժ   Իի   Լլ   Խխ   Ծծ   Կկ   Հհ   Ձձ   Ղղ   Ճճ   Մմ   Յյ   Նն   Շշ   Ոո   Չչ   Պպ   Ջջ   Ռռ   Սս   Վվ   Տտ   Րր   Ցց   Ււ   Փփ   Քք   Օօ   Ֆֆ
• (Letter combinations): ու   և   ﬔ   ﬕ   ﬓ   ﬗ   ﬖ
• (Dialectological): ՠ / ա̈   ա̊   ա̄   ը̂   է̀   էօ / օ̈   էօ̀ / օ̈̀   իւ / ո̈ւ   գ^յ   կ^յ   ք^յ   հ^յ   բՙ   դՙ   գՙ   ձՙ   ջՙ   ղՙ   ֈ / յ̵   ʔ  
• (Punctuation):  ՙ    ՚   ՛   ՜   ՝   ՞   ՟   ․   ։   ֊
• (Symbols): ֏ ֎ ֍

Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian և (ew). As an inheritance, survives only in the Suceava dialect.

Conjunction

և • (ew)

1. (somewhat formal) and

   Synonym: ու (u)

Alternative forms

• յեվ (yev) – reformed orthography spelling in 1922–1940

Old Armenian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at, near”). Related to ու (u).

Conjunction

և • (ew)

1. and; also, likewise

   եւ ..., եւ ... ― ew ..., ew ... ― both ... and ...

   եւ ոչ ― ew očʿ ― neither, no, nor

   ոչ մին եւ ոչ միւսն ― očʿ min ew očʿ miwsn ― neither; neither one nor the other

   եւ երիտասարդ եւ ծերք ― ew eritasard ew cerkʿ ― both young and old

   եւ այլն ― ew ayln ― et cetera, and so on

   եւ այն զի, եւ այս զի ― ew ayn zi, ew ays zi ― the more so

   եւ արդ ― ew ard ― now, then

   եւ եւս ― ew ews ― also, more, over, still, moreover, likewise

   եւ զի, եւ քանզի ― ew zi, ew kʿanzi ― since, because

   չեւ, չեւ եւս ― čʿew, čʿew ews ― not yet; not till now

   չեւ տեսեալ ― čʿew teseal ― before seeing

Derived terms

• այլեւս (aylews)
• եւեթ (ewetʿ)
• եւս (ews)
• եօթնեւտասն (eōtʿnewtasn)
• զեւս (zews)
• թերեւս (tʿerews)
• թէեւ (tʿēew)
• թէպէտեւ (tʿēpētew)
• իբրեւ (ibrew)
• իննեւտասն (innewtasn)
• մեւս (mews)
• մինչեւ (minčʿew)
• մինչչեւ (minčʿčʿew)
• միւս (miws)
• ութեւտասն (utʿewtasn)
• չեւ (čʿew)
• քանզեւս (kʿanzews)

Descendants

• → Armenian: եւ (ew) (learned)

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979), “և”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
• Awetikʿean, G.; Siwrmēlean, X.; Awgerean, M. (1836–1837), “և”, in Nor baṙgirkʿ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
• Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 386
• Matasović, Ranko (2009) A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Armenian‎^[1], Zagreb, page 10
• Petrosean, H. Matatʿeay V. (1879), “և”, in Nor Baṙagirkʿ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy