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and

See also: And, AND, ånd, -and, and-, -ând, and Appendix:Variations of "and"

Contents

EnglishEdit

 
Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

PronunciationEdit

  • (stressed) enPR: ănd, ĕnd IPA(key): /ænd/, /ɛnd/
  • Audio (US)
    		(file)
  • Rhymes: -ænd, -ɛnd
  • (unstressed) enPR: ən(d) IPA(key): /(ə)n(d)/, /ɛn(d)/
  • Audio (US) (ham and eggs)
    		(file)
  • (unstressed or, for some speakers, stressed) Homophone: end

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end (“and”), from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, *undi, *unþi (“and, furthermore”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”).

Alternative formsEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
    1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:
        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]
      • 1611, Bible (King James Version), Genesis 1:1:
        :
        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
      • 1817, Jane Austen, Persuasion:
        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.
      • 2011, Mark Townsend, The Guardian, 5 November:
        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’
    2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:
        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.
      • 2011, Helena Smith & Tom Kington, The Guardian, 5 November:
        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.
    3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:
        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’
      • 2004, Will Buckley, The Observer:, 22 August:
        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.
    4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th-17th c.]
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Matthew XXII:
        Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.
    5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
      • 1863, Abraham Lincoln, ‘Gettysburg Address’:
        Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal".
      • 1906, Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, Chapter 26
        In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.
      • 1956, Dodie Smith, (title):
        The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.
    6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1623, William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, First Folio, II.2:
        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.
      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):
        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!
    7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Psalms CXLV:
        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.
      • 2011, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, 18 March:
        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’
    8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:
        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.
      • 2008, The Guardian, 29 Jan 2008:
        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.
    9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Revelation XIV:
        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].
      • 1861, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations:
        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].
      • 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:
        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’
    10. (now regional or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
      • 1817, Jane Austen, Sanditon:
        Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?
      • 1989, James Kelman, A Disaffection:
        Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.
    11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
      • 1936, The Labour Monthly, vol. XVIII:
        Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.
      • 1972, Esquire, vol. LXXVIII:
        "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."
    12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17th c.]
      • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:
        ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’
      • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:
        ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’
  2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
    1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
      • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:
        "Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."
      • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XIV:
        Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.
      • 1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:
        "And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."
    2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th-17th c.]
      • 1600, William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, I.2:
        I will roare you, and 'twere any Nightingale.
    3. (obsolete) Even though.
      • Francis Bacon
        As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
QuotationsEdit
Usage notesEdit
Usage notes
  1. Beginning a sentence with and or other coordinating conjunctions is considered incorrect by classical grammarians arguing that a coordinating conjunction at the start of a sentence has nothing to connect, but use of the word in this way is very common. The practice will be found in literature from Anglo-Saxon times onwards, especially as an aid to continuity in narrative and dialogue. The OED provides examples from the 9th century to the 19th century, including one from Shakespeare’s King John: “Arthur. Must you with hot Irons, burne out both mine eyes? Hubert. Young boy, I must. Arthur. And will you? Hubert. And I will.” It is also used for other rhetorical purposes, especially to denote surprise

    (O John! and you have seen him! And are you really going?—1884 in OED)

    and sometimes just to introduce an improvised afterthought

    (I’m going to swim. And don’t you dare watch—G. Butler, 1983)

    It is, however, poor style to separate short statements into separate sentences when no special effect is needed: I opened the door and I looked into the room (not *I opened the door. And I looked into the room). Combining sentences or starting with in addition or moreover is preferred in formal writing.
  2. And is often omitted for contextual effects of various kinds, especially between sequences of descriptive adjectives which can be separated by commas or simply by spaces

    (The teeming jerrybuilt dun-coloured traffic-ridden deafening city—Penelope Lively, 1987)

    And all is a well-established tag added to the end of a statement, as in

    Isn’t it amazing? He has a Ph.D. and all—J. Shute, 1992

    With the nominal meaning “also, besides, in addition”, the use has origins in dialect, as can be seen from the material from many regions given in the English Dialect Dictionary (often written in special ways, e.g., ano', an'-all, an' a'). In many of the examples it seems to lack any perceptible lexical meaning and to be just a rhythmical device to eke out a sentence.
SynonymsEdit
TranslationsEdit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *andô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”). Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

Alternative formsEdit

NounEdit

and (plural ands)

  1. (Britain dialectal) Breath.
  2. (Britain dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *andōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

Alternative formsEdit

VerbEdit

and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

  1. (Britain dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

AnagramsEdit

DanishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anudz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and c (singular definite anden, plural indefinite ænder)

  1. duck
  2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative and anden ænder ænderne
genitive ands andens ænders ændernes

Further readingEdit

EstonianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From the root of andma. Cognate with Finnish anti.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and (genitive anni, partitive andi)

  1. offering, gift
  2. alms, donation
  3. giftedness, talent
  4. act of giving

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and (type paks)
singular plural
nominative and annid
genitive anni andide
partitive andi ande / andisid
illative andi / annisse andidesse
inessive annis andides
elative annist andidest
allative annile andidele
adessive annil andidel
ablative annilt andidelt
translative anniks andideks
terminative annini andideni
essive annina andidena
abessive annita andideta
comitative anniga andidega

GothicEdit

RomanizationEdit

and

  1. Romanization of 𐌰𐌽𐌳

LivonianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *antadak, from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-.

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

and

  1. (Salaca) to give

Middle EnglishEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. Alternative form of an
    • 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1-3.
      Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
      The droghte of March hath perced to the roote
      And bathed every veyne in swich licour,

Norwegian BokmålEdit

 
Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anudz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”).

PronunciationEdit

  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

NounEdit

and f, m (definite singular anda or anden, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

  1. a duck
  2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian NynorskEdit

 
Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anudz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”). Akin to English ennet.

NounEdit

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

  1. a duck (waterbird)
Derived termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

VerbEdit

and

  1. imperative of anda

ReferencesEdit

Old EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. and

SynonymsEdit

DescendantsEdit

AdverbEdit

and

  1. even; also

Old FrisianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. and

DescendantsEdit

  • North Frisian: en
  • Saterland Frisian: un
  • West Frisian: en, in

ScotsEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. Alternative form of an

SwedishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anudz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t- (“duck”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and c

  1. a wild duck

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative and anden änder änderna
Genitive ands andens änders ändernas

Related termsEdit

Related terms

See alsoEdit

  • anka (domesticated duck)

ReferencesEdit

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