and

See also: And, AND, ånd, -and, and-, -ând, and Appendix:Variations of "and"

EnglishEdit

 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

PronunciationEdit

  • (stressed) enPR: ănd, ĕnd IPA(key): /ænd/, /ɛnd/
  • Audio (US)
    		(file)
  • Rhymes: -ænd, -ɛnd
  • (unstressed) enPR: ən(d) IPA(key): /ənd/, /ən/, /ɛn/, /ɛnd/, /n̩d/, /n̩/
  • Audio (US) (ham and eggs)
    		(file)
  • (unstressed or, for some speakers, stressed) Homophone: end

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”).

Alternative formsEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
    1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:
        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]
      • 1596-97, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, Act V Scene 1
        Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Genesis 1:1:
        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
      • 1817, Jane Austen, Persuasion:
        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.
      • 2011, Mark Townsend, The Guardian, 5 November:
        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’
    2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:
        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.
      • 2011, Helena Smith & Tom Kington, The Guardian, 5 November:
        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.
    3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:
        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’
      • 2004, Will Buckley, The Observer:, 22 August:
        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.
    4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th-17th c.]
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Matthew XXII:
        Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.
    5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
    6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1623, William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, First Folio, II.2:
        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.
      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):
        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!
    7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Psalms CXLV:
        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.
      • 2011, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, 18 March:
        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’
    8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:
        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.
      • 2008, The Guardian, 29 Jan 2008:
        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.
    9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, Authorised (King James) Version, Bible, Revelation XIV:
        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].
      • 1861, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations:
        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].
      • 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:
        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’
    10. (now regional or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
      • 1817, Jane Austen, Sanditon:
        Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?
      • 1989, James Kelman, A Disaffection:
        Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.
    11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
      • 1936, The Labour Monthly, vol. XVIII:
        Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.
      • 1972, Esquire, vol. LXXVIII:
        "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."
    12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17th c.]
      • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:
        ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’
      • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:
        ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’
  2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
    1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
      • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:
        "Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."
      • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XIV:
        Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.
      • 1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:
        "And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."
    2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th-17th c.]
  3. (mathematics, logic) connecting two well formed formulas to create a well formed formula that requires the new formula to only be true when each of the two are true.
Related termsEdit
See alsoEdit
QuotationsEdit
Usage notesEdit
Usage notes
  1. Beginning a sentence with and or other coordinating conjunctions is considered incorrect by classical grammarians arguing that a coordinating conjunction at the start of a sentence has nothing to connect, but use of the word in this way is very common. The practice will be found in literature from Anglo-Saxon times onwards, especially as an aid to continuity in narrative and dialogue. The OED provides examples from the 9th century to the 19th century, including one from Shakespeare’s King John: “Arthur. Must you with hot Irons, burne out both mine eyes? Hubert. Young boy, I must. Arthur. And will you? Hubert. And I will.” It is also used for other rhetorical purposes, especially to denote surprise

    (O John! and you have seen him! And are you really going?—1884 in OED)

    and sometimes just to introduce an improvised afterthought

    (I’m going to swim. And don’t you dare watch—G. Butler, 1983)

    It is, however, poor style to separate short statements into separate sentences when no special effect is needed: I opened the door and I looked into the room (not *I opened the door. And I looked into the room). Combining sentences or starting with in addition or moreover is preferred in formal writing.
  2. And is often omitted for contextual effects of various kinds, especially between sequences of descriptive adjectives which can be separated by commas or simply by spaces

    (The teeming jerrybuilt dun-coloured traffic-ridden deafening city—Penelope Lively, 1987)

    And all is a well-established tag added to the end of a statement, as in

    Isn’t it amazing? He has a Ph.D. and all—J. Shute, 1992

    With the nominal meaning “also, besides, in addition”, the use has origins in dialect, as can be seen from the material from many regions given in the English Dialect Dictionary (often written in special ways, e.g., ano', an'-all, an' a'). In many of the examples it seems to lack any perceptible lexical meaning and to be just a rhythmical device to eke out a sentence.
SynonymsEdit
TranslationsEdit

See and/translations § Conjunction.

NounEdit

and (plural ands)

  1. (music, often informal) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
    • 2006, Goodwin, Gordon, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:
      The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”). Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

Alternative formsEdit

NounEdit

and (plural ands)

  1. (Britain dialectal) Breath.
  2. (Britain dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

Alternative formsEdit

VerbEdit

and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

  1. (Britain dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

AnagramsEdit

AzerbaijaniEdit

Other scripts
Cyrillic анд
Roman and
Perso-Arabic آند‎

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Turkic *Ānt (“oath”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰦‎ (nt), Turkish ant.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and (definite accusative andı, plural andlar)

  1. oath

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and
singular plural
nominative and
 andlar
definite accusative andı
 andları
dative anda
 andlara
locative andda
 andlarda
ablative anddan
 andlardan
definite genitive andın
 andların
Possessive forms of and
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andım andlarım
sənin (“your”) andın andların
onun (“his/her/its”) andı andları
bizim (“our”) andımız andlarımız
sizin (“your”) andınız andlarınız
onların (“their”) andı or andları andları
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımı andlarımı
sənin (“your”) andını andlarını
onun (“his/her/its”) andını andlarını
bizim (“our”) andımızı andlarımızı
sizin (“your”) andınızı andlarınızı
onların (“their”) andını or andlarını andlarını
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andıma andlarıma
sənin (“your”) andına andlarına
onun (“his/her/its”) andına andlarına
bizim (“our”) andımıza andlarımıza
sizin (“your”) andınıza andlarınıza
onların (“their”) andına or andlarına andlarına
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımda andlarımda
sənin (“your”) andında andlarında
onun (“his/her/its”) andında andlarında
bizim (“our”) andımızda andlarımızda
sizin (“your”) andınızda andlarınızda
onların (“their”) andında or andlarında andlarında
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımdan andlarımdan
sənin (“your”) andından andlarından
onun (“his/her/its”) andından andlarından
bizim (“our”) andımızdan andlarımızdan
sizin (“your”) andınızdan andlarınızdan
onların (“their”) andından or andlarından andlarından
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımın andlarımın
sənin (“your”) andının andlarının
onun (“his/her/its”) andının andlarının
bizim (“our”) andımızın andlarımızın
sizin (“your”) andınızın andlarınızın
onların (“their”) andının or andlarının andlarının

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003) , “*Ānt”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

DanishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, cognate with German Ente, Dutch eend. The Germanic noun derives from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”), which is also the source of Latin anas, Ancient Greek νῆττα (nêtta), Lithuanian ántis, Sanskrit आति (ātí).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and c (singular definite anden, plural indefinite ænder)

  1. duck
  2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative and anden ænder ænderne
genitive ands andens ænders ændernes

Further readingEdit

EstonianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From the root of andma. Cognate with Finnish anti.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and (genitive anni, partitive andi)

  1. offering, gift
  2. alms, donation
  3. giftedness, talent
  4. act of giving

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and (type paks)
singular plural
nominative and annid
genitive anni andide
partitive andi ande / andisid
illative andi / annisse andidesse
inessive annis andides
elative annist andidest
allative annile andidele
adessive annil andidel
ablative annilt andidelt
translative anniks andideks
terminative annini andideni
essive annina andidena
abessive annita andideta
comitative anniga andidega

GothicEdit

RomanizationEdit

and

  1. Romanization of 𐌰𐌽𐌳

LivonianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *antadak, from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-.

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

and

  1. (Salaca) to give

Middle EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)
    • c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1-4:
      Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]
      Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]
      c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:
      Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]
      But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]
      c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413-4414:
      "Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […] "
      "Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "
      c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎[2], published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:
      ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti
      You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.
      c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1-3:
      Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote /, The droghte of March hath perced to the roote / And bathed every veyne in swich licour […]
      When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in such fluid […]
  2. however, yet, but, though. while
  3. if, supposing that, whether.
  4. (rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.

DescendantsEdit

  • English: and
  • Scots: an

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian BokmålEdit

 
Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”).

PronunciationEdit

  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

NounEdit

and f or m (definite singular anda or anden, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

  1. a duck
  2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian NynorskEdit

 
Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-ti- (“duck”). Akin to English ennet.

NounEdit

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

  1. a duck (waterbird)
Derived termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

VerbEdit

and

  1. imperative of anda

ReferencesEdit

Old EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

PronunciationEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. and

SynonymsEdit

DescendantsEdit

AdverbEdit

and

  1. even; also

Old FrisianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. and

DescendantsEdit

  • North Frisian: en
  • Saterland Frisian: un
  • West Frisian: en, in

Old IrishEdit

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

and

  1. third-person singular masculine/neuter dative of i: in him, in it
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 31b23
      in bélrai .i. is and atá gním tengad isind huiliu labramar-ni
      of speech, i.e. the action of the tongue is in it, in all that we say

AdverbEdit

and

  1. there
    • c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St. Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c
      Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.
      It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

DescendantsEdit

ScotsEdit

ConjunctionEdit

and

  1. Alternative form of an

Usage notesEdit

  • While and is relatively often written due to English influence, it is seldom pronounced as such, making way for an. [1]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/and_conj1

SwedishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t- (“duck”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

and c

  1. a wild duck

DeclensionEdit

Declension of and 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative and anden änder änderna
Genitive ands andens änders ändernas

Related termsEdit

See alsoEdit

  • anka (domesticated duck)

ReferencesEdit

AnagramsEdit

ZealandicEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Dutch hant, from Old Dutch hant, from Proto-Germanic *handuz.

NounEdit

and f (plural [please provide])

  1. hand

Alternative formsEdit

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