樺

Translingual edit

Japanese	樺
Simplified	桦
Traditional	樺

Han character edit

樺 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 木廿一十 (DTMJ), four-corner 4495₄, composition ⿰木華)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 552, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15497
Dae Jaweon: page 940, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1261, character 1
Unihan data for U+6A3A

Chinese edit

trad.		樺
simp.		桦
alternative forms		華／华

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (華) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鞾	*qʰʷa
華	qʰʷraː, ɡʷraː, *ɡʷraːs
譁	*qʰʷraː
樺	ɡʷraː, ɡʷraːs
嘩	*ɡʷraː
驊	*ɡʷraː
鏵	*ɡʷraː
崋	ɡʷraː, ɡʷraːs

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwa (“birch”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan གྲོ་ག (gro ga, “bark of birch tree”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huà (hua⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): waa⁶, waa⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hōa / hôa

(Teochew, Peng'im): hua⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huà
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huà
  - Wade–Giles: hua⁴
  - Yale: hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huah
  - Palladius: хуа (xua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: waa⁶, waa⁴
  - Yale: wah, wàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: waa⁶, waa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: wa⁶, wa⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /waː²²/, /waː²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōa
  - Tâi-lô: huā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoa
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hua²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôa
  - Tâi-lô: huâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoaa
  - IPA (Taipei): /hua²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: hwae, hwaeH

Rime
Character	樺	樺
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	戸花切	胡化切
Baxter	hwae	hwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠua/	/ɦˠua^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚa/	/ɦʷᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣua/	/ɣua^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaɨ/	/ɦwaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣua/	/ɣua^H/
Wang Li	/ɣwa/	/ɣwa^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣwa/	/ɣwa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huá	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	waa⁴	waa⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraː/, /*ɡʷraːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	樺	樺
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	5310	5317
Phonetic component	華	華
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	華	摦
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷraː/	/*ɡʷraːs/

Definitions edit

樺

birch

Compounds edit

樺太／桦太 (Huàtài)
樺木／桦木 (huàmù)
樺燭／桦烛
樺皮臉／桦皮脸
白樺／白桦 (báihuà)

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

樺

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Readings edit

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: か (ka)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
Kun: かば (kaba, 樺); かんば (kanba); かにわ (kaniwa)^{←かには (kanifa, historical)}

Compounds edit

樺太(からふと) (Karafuto)

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
樺
かば Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
椛

カバノキ属 on Japanese Wikipedia

A shift from kaniwa below.^[1]

First appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) かば [káꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ba̠]

Noun edit

樺(かば) or 樺(カバ) • (kaba)

a birch (plant of genus Betula)
Short for 樺色 (kabairo, “reddish yellow”).

Usage notes edit

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カバ.

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

樺色(かばいろ) (kabairo, “reddish yellow”)
樺桜(かばざくら) (kabazakura, “a sakura with birch-like bark”)
樺(かば)の木(き) (kaba no ki, “a birch tree”)
白樺(しらかば) (shirakaba, “Betula platyphylla”)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
樺
かんば Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

First attested in the mid-19th century.^[1]

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) かんば [káꜜǹbà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [kã̠mba̠]

Noun edit

樺(かんば) or 樺(カンバ) • (kanba)

a birch (plant of genus Betula)

Usage notes edit

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as カンバ.

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

白樺(しらかんば) (shirakanba, “Betula platyphylla”)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
樺
かにわ Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
桜皮

⟨kanipa⟩ → /kaniɸa/ → /kaniwa/

From Old Japanese 樺 (kanipa, “sakura, sakura bark”), from Ainu カリンパ (karinpa, “sakura, sakura bark”).^[4]^[5]^[6]

Found in the Man'yōshū (book 6), completed some time after 759 CE, in sense 1.^[2]^[7] Sense 2 appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.^[8]

Compare Sakhalin Ainu カリムバニ (karimba-ni, “cherry tree; Prunus pseudocerasus”) and カリムバタツ (karimba-tat, “Betula Maximowicziana”).^[9]

Noun edit

樺(かにわ) • (kaniwa) ^{←かには (kanifa)^?}

(obsolete) Japanese bird cherry (Prunus grayana) or its bark
(obsolete) monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) or its bark

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 “樺”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
^ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese kanipa”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎^[2]
^ Vovin (2020)
^ “かには”, in 世界大百科事典第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎^[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
^ “樺・桜皮”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎^[4] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
^ John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[5], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 212

Korean edit

Hanja edit

樺 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)

birch

Synonyms edit

檀, 橽
자작나무 (jajangnamu)

Compounds edit

백화 (白樺, baekhwa, “Asian white birch”)

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

樺: Hán Nôm readings: hoa

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[NKD-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 “樺”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 3.0 ^3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[4] Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese kanipa”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎^[2]

[5] Vovin (2020)

[6] “かには”, in 世界大百科事典第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎^[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998

[7] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[8] “樺・桜皮”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎^[4] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

[9] John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎^[5], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 212

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