化

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

化 (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人心 (OP), four-corner 2421₀, composition ⿰亻𠤎(GV) or ⿰亻匕(HTJK))

Derived charactersEdit

𪜐, 吪, 𪢼, 沎, 杹, 𤆷, 𥄒, 𬖒, 𬟹, 𬍕, 訛(讹), 𧿕, 鈋(𨱂), 靴, 魤, 𩑭, 𩲏, 𠇃, 𠕿, 炛, 花, 𠯒, 貨(货), 囮
华 (Simplified from 華)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 152, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2572
Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 109, character 4
Unihan data for U+5316

ChineseEdit

trad.		化
simp. ^#		化
alternative forms		㐶

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 化
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	lu, ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) of two 人 (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): huà (hua⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ

(Chengdu, SP): hua⁴

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуа (hua, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): faa³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): fa¹
Gan (Wiktionary): fa⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fa

(Meixian, Guangdong): fa⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): hua³
Min Bei (KCR): hua̿
Min Dong (BUC): huá
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hòa / hòe / òa / hoa

(Teochew, Peng'im): huê³
Wu (Wiktionary): ho (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): fa⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huà
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huà
  - Wade–Giles: hua⁴
  - Yale: hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huah
  - Palladius: хуа (xua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xwä⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: hua⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xua
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуа (hua, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: faa³
  - Yale: fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: fa³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fäː³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: fa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fa
  - Hakka Romanization System: fa
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fa⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fa⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: hua³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xua⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hua̿
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɑ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa
  - Tâi-lô: huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoax
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hua⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hua¹¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /hua²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòe
  - Tâi-lô: huè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoex
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hue⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /hue²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hue¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: òa
  - Tâi-lô: uà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: oax
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ua⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /ua²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ua¹¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoa
  - Tâi-lô: hua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoaf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hua⁴⁴/

Note:

hòa - literary;
hòe - vernacular;
òa - to cause to ferment.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: huê³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huè
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue²¹³/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ho (T2)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ho³⁴/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: fa⁴
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɸa̠⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 化
Mandarin	Beijing	/xua⁵¹/
	Harbin	/xua⁵³/
	Tianjin	/xuɑ⁵³/
	Jinan	/xua²¹/
	Qingdao	/xua⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xua³¹²/
	Xi'an	/xua⁴⁴/
	Xining	/xua²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/xua¹³/
	Lanzhou	/xua¹³/
	Ürümqi	/xua²¹³/
	Wuhan	/xua³⁵/
	Chengdu	/xua¹³/
	Guiyang	/xua²¹³/
	Kunming	/xua̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/xuɑ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/xua⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xua⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/xuɑ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/xua⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ho³⁵/ /hua³⁵/
	Suzhou	/ho⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/huɑ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ho⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/xua³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/xuːə⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/fa⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/xuɒ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/fɑ⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/fa⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/fɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fa³³/
	Nanning	/fa³³/
	Hong Kong	/fa³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hua²¹/ /hue²¹/ /ua²¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/huɑ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xua³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hue²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hua³⁵/ /hue³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /hˠua^H/

Rime
Character	化
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼霸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠua^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xua^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/xua^H/
Wang Li	/xwa^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xwa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faa³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*hŋʷraːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	化
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huà
Middle Chinese	‹ xwæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English	transform
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	化
Reading #	1/1
No.	5327
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	化
Old Chinese	/*hŋʷraːls/

DefinitionsEdit

化

to change; to transform
to become; to turn into
^† to die
to melt
把雪化掉 ― bǎ xuě huàdiào ― make snow melt
to dissolve
Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization.
民主化 ― mínzhǔhuà ― democratize
(chemistry) Affix denoting combination.
氧化鈣／氧化钙 ― yǎnghuàgài ― calcium oxide

氫氧化鈉／氢氧化钠 ― qīngyǎnghuànà ― sodium hydroxide
Short for 教化 (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”).
(in compounds) Short for 化學／化学 (huàxué, “chemistry”).
日化 ― rìhuà ― household chemicals

化工 ― huàgōng ― chemical industry

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 化

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (化):

→ Japanese: 化(け) (ke); 化(か) (ka)
→ Korean: 화 (化, hwa)
→ Vietnamese: hoá (化)

Etymology 2Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 花 (“flower; blossom; florid; flowery; etc.”). (This character, 化, is a variant form of 花.)

CompoundsEdit

化子
叫化 (jiàohuā)

叫化子

叫化子雞／叫化子鸡

Etymology 3Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 化 – see 貨 (“currency; goods; commodities; products; etc.”). (This character, 化, is a variant form of 貨.)

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

化

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: け (ke, Jōyō)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
Kun: ばける (bakeru, 化ける, Jōyō); ばかす (bakasu, 化かす, Jōyō); かわる (kawaru, 化る); ふける (fukeru, 化ける)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

化(ば)ける (bakeru): appear in disguise
化(ば)け物(もの) (bakemono): goblin, apparition
化(ば)けもの (bakemono):
化(ば)かす (bakasu): bewitch, confuse
化(か)育(いく) (kaiku): evolution, growth
化(か)学(がく) (kagaku): chemistry
化(か)合(ごう) (kagō): chemical combination
化(け)身(しん) (keshin): (Buddhist) incarnation
化(け)粧(しょう) (keshō): makeup, cosmetics
化(か)成(せい) (kasei): change, transformation
化(か)生(せい) (kasei): growth, metamorphosis
化(か)石(せき) (kaseki): fossil, petrifaction
化(か)繊(せん) (kasen): synthetic fiber
化(か)膿(のう) (kanō): suppuration, festering
悪(あっ)化(か) (akka): deterioration, aggravation
液(えき)化(か) (ekika): liquefaction
塩(えん)化(か) (enka): chloride
欧(おう)化(か) (ōka): Europeanization, westernization
感(かん)化(か) (kanka): influence, inspiration
帰(き)化(か) (kika): naturalization
気(き)化(か) (kika): vaporization
強(きょう)化(か) (kyōka): strengthen, intensify
教(きょう)化(か) (kyōka): culture, education
激(げき)化(か) (gekika), 激(げっ)化(か) (gekka): intensification, aggravation
硬(こう)化(か) (kōka): hardening; sclerosis
固(こ)化(か) (koka): solidification
権(ごん)化(げ) (gonge): incarnation, avatar
酸(さん)化(か) (sanka): oxidation
消(しょう)化(か) (shōka): digestion
進(しん)化(か) (shinka): evolution, progress
浄(じょう)化(か) (jōka): purification, cleanup
造(ぞう)化(か) (zōka): the Creator, the Universe
電(でん)化(か) (denka): electrification
同(どう)化(か) (dōka): assimilation, absorption
鈍(どん)化(か) (donka): becoming dull
軟(なん)化(か) (nanka): softening, mollification
砒(ひ)化(か) (hika): arsenication
美(び)化(か) (bika): beautification, glorification
文(ぶん)化(か) (bunka): culture, civilization
分(ぶん)化(か) (bunka): specialization
変(へん)化(か) (henka): change, variation
変(へん)化(げ) (henge): goblin, ghost
緑(りょっ)化(か) (ryokka): tree planting
劣(れっ)化(か) (rekka): deterioration, degradation
老(ろう)化(か) (rōka): aging, senile deterioration
グローバル化(か) (gurōbaruka): globalization
コンピュータ化(か) (konpyūtaka): computerization
お化(ば)け (obake), 御(お)化(ば)け (obake): goblin, apparition
一(いち)元(げん)化(か) (ichigenka): unification, centralization
機(き)械(かい)化(か) (kikaika): mechanization, computerization
近(きん)代(だい)化(か) (kindaika): modernization
具(ぐ)体(たい)化(か) (gutaika): embodiment
国(こく)際(さい)化(か) (kokusaika): internationalization
合(ごう)理(り)化(か) (gōrika): rationalization
深(しん)刻(こく)化(か) (shinkokuka): becoming more serious
自(じ)由(ゆう)化(か) (jiyūka): liberalization
正(せい)常(じょう)化(か) (seijōka): normalization
多(た)様(よう)化(か) (tayōka): diversification
本(ほん)格(かく)化(か) (honkakuka): regularization
民(みん)営(えい)化(か) (min'eika): privatization
明(めい)文(ぶん)化(か) (meibunka): stipulate
自(じ)動(どう)化(か) (jidōka): automation
誤(ご)魔(ま)化(か)す (gomakasu): deceive, falsify
情(じょう)報(ほう)化(か) (jōhōka): informatization
硫(りゅう)化(か) (ryūka): sulfuration

EtymologyEdit

Kanji in this term
化
か Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 化 (MC hˠua^H).

PronunciationEdit

On’yomi

IPA^(key): [ka̠]

AffixEdit

化(か) • (ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)^?}

to change; to take the form of
to influence

SuffixEdit

化(か) • (-ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)^?}

-ization, -ification; action of making something that way

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 化 (MC hˠua^H).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	황〮 (Yale: hwá)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[1]	도욀 (Yale: twòwòyl)	화〯 (Yale: hwǎ)

PronunciationEdit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɸwa̠(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [화(ː)]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

化

Wikisource

化 (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))

Hanja form^? of 화 (“to be; to become”). [affix]
Hanja form^? of 화 (“-ization; -ification”). [suffix]

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

강화 (強化, ganghwa)
교화 (敎化, gyohwa)
동화 (同化, donghwa)
문화 (文化, munhwa)
변화 (變化, byeonhwa)
부화 (孵化, buhwa)
소화 (消化, sohwa)
악화 (惡化, akhwa)
진화 (進化, jinhwa)
퇴화 (退化, toehwa)
화석 (化石, hwaseok)
위화도회군 (威化島回軍, wihwadohoegun)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

VietnameseEdit

Hán tự in this term
化

Han characterEdit

化: Hán Việt readings: hóa/hoá^[1]^[2]^[3], góa/goá^[1]
化: Nôm readings: Huế^[1]

chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”).
Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”).

ReferencesEdit

[tdcndg-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-2] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-3] Trần (2004).

[1]

[2]

[3]