軛

See also: 轭

軛 U+8EDB, 軛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8EDB ← 軚 [U+8EDA] CJK Unified Ideographs 軜 → [U+8EDC]

Translingual

Han character

軛 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十一尸山 (JJMSU), four-corner 5101₂, composition ⿰車厄)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1240, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38207
• Dae Jaweon: page 1716, character 16
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3517, character 8
• Unihan data for U+8EDB

Chinese

trad.		軛
simp.		轭
alternative forms		軶

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (戹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
呃	*qreːɡs, *qreːɡ
阸	*qreːɡs, *qreːɡ
厄	*qreːɡ
蚅	*qreːɡ
扼	*qreːɡ
軛	*qreːɡ
戹	*qreːɡ
豟	*qreːɡ
呝	*qreːɡ
軶	*qreːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡ) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 厄 (OC *qreːɡ, “yoke”) – specialized form of 厄.

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“to strangle”), whence also 縊 (OC *qleːɡs, *qleɡs, “to strangle”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): è (e⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aak¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ak⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ak

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ag⁵

• Northern Min (KCR): ă̤
• Eastern Min (BUC): áik
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): eh / ek / iak

  (Teochew, Peng'im): êh⁴

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁸ngeq
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nga⁴ / nge⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: è
    • Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: è
    • Wade–Giles: o⁴
    • Yale: è
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
    • Palladius: э (e)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: aak¹
    • Yale: āak
    • Cantonese Pinyin: aak⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: ag¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːk̚⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ak⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ak̚²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ak
    • Hakka Romanization System: ag`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ag⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ak̚²/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ag⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ak̚¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ă̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛ²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: áik
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: eh
    • Tâi-lô: eh
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eq
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /eʔ⁵/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /eʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
    • Tâi-lô: ik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: eg
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
    • Tâi-lô: iak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

• Xiamen, Quanzhou:
  • eh - vernacular;
  • ek/iak - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: êh⁴
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: eh
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /eʔ²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁸ngeq
    • MiniDict: ngeh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵ngeq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋəʔ¹²/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: nga⁴ / nge⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa̠⁴⁵/, /ŋɤ̞²⁴/

Note:

• nga4 - vernacular;
• nge6 - literary.

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• Middle Chinese: 'eak

Rime
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	耕 (119)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	於革切
Baxter	'eak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɛk̚/
Wang Li	/æk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤ<r>[i]k/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qreːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*qˁ<r>[i]k/
English	part of a yoke
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
No.	2711
Phonetic component	戹
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	戹
Old Chinese	/*qreːɡ/
Notes	原從戹

Definitions

軛

1. yoke
2. to restrain; to control

Compounds

• 亢軛／亢轭
• 偏轉軛／偏转轭
• 共軛弧／共轭弧
• 共軛複數／共轭复数 (gòng'è fùshù)
• 共軛角／共轭角
• 共軛雙曲線／共轭双曲线
• 共軛鹼／共轭碱 (gòng'èjiǎn)
• 牛軛／牛轭 (niú'è)
• 牛軛湖／牛轭湖
• 犁軛／犁轭
• 狖軛鼯軒／狖轭鼯轩
• 琱軛／雕轭
• 羈軛／羁轭
• 衡軛／衡轭
• 複共軛的／复共轭的
• 負軛／负轭
• 車軛／车轭
• 軛束／轭束
• 軛縛／轭缚
• 輪軛／轮轭
• 轅軛／辕轭
• 銜軛／衔轭
• 鞅軛／鞅轭
• 頓軛／顿轭
• 馬軛／马轭

 

Descendants

• → Proto-Tai: *ʔeːkᴰ (“yoke”)
  • Ahom: 𑜒𑜢𑜀𑜫 (ʼik)
  • Lao: ແອກ (ʼǣk)
  • Lü: ᦶᦀᧅ (˙ʼaek)
  • Shan: ဢႅၵ်ႇ (ʼèk)
  • Tai Dam: ꪵꪮꪀ
  • Tai Nüa: ᥟᥦᥐᥱ (ʼǎek)
  • Thai: แอก (ɛ̀ɛk)
  • Zhuang: ek

References

• “軛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

軛

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings

• On (unclassified): あく (aku); やく (yaku)
• Kun: くびき (kubiki)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
軛
くびき Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 軛 – see the following entry.

【くびき】 [noun] yoke (wooden bar) Alternative spellings 衡, 頸木

(This term, 軛, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)