開拓

See also: 开拓

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	expand; support on palm; to develop expand; support on palm; to develop; to open up; make rubbing
trad. (開拓)		開	拓
simp. (开拓)		开	拓

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kāituò

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄊㄨㄛˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ tok³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-thok
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khai-thok

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāituò
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄊㄨㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaituò
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-tʻo⁴
    • Yale: kāi-twò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaituoh
    • Palladius: кайто (kajto)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi¹ tok³
    • Yale: hōi tok
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ tok⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ tog³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-thok
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi´ tog`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ tog⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ tʰok̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-thok
    • Tâi-lô: khai-thok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qai'tog
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ tʰɔk̚⁵/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/

---

• Middle Chinese: khoj thak

Rime
Character	開	拓
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	苦哀切	他各切
Baxter	khoj	thak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi/	/tʰɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi/	/tʰɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi/	/tʰɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj/	/tʰak̚/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi/	/tʰɑk̚/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi/	/tʰɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i/	/tʰɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kāi	tuo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi1	tok3

Verb

開拓

1. (literal) to develop; to open up; to break ground
2. (figurative) to break ground; to broaden; to exploit

   開拓市場／开拓市场  ―  kāituò shìchǎng  ―  to exploit markets

Synonyms

• (to develop):

• 壯大／壮大 (zhuàngdà)
• 廣／广 (literary, or in compounds)
• 張皇／张皇 (zhānghuáng) (literary)
• 擴充／扩充 (kuòchōng)
• 擴大／扩大 (kuòdà)
• 擴展／扩展 (kuòzhǎn)
• 擴張／扩张 (kuòzhāng)
• 放

 

Derived terms

• 開拓者／开拓者 (kāituòzhě)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開拓):

• → Japanese: 開拓(かいたく) (kaitaku)
• → Korean: 개척(開拓) (gaecheok)
• → Vietnamese: khai thác (開拓)

See also

• 開發／开发 (kāifā)
• 開墾／开垦 (kāikěn)
• 開闢／开辟 (kāipì)

References

• “Entry #51001”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	拓
かい Grade: 3	たく Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠ita̠kɯ̟]

Noun

開(かい)拓(たく) • (kaitaku) 

1. reclamation of land, cultivation of farmland, development of resources
2. exploration

Verb

開(かい)拓(たく)する • (kaitaku suru) transitive suru (stem 開(かい)拓(たく)し (kaitaku shi), past 開(かい)拓(たく)した (kaitaku shita))

1. reclaim, cultivate, develop
2. explore

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開拓する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開拓し	かいたくし	kaitaku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開拓し	かいたくし	kaitaku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開拓する	かいたくする	kaitaku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開拓する	かいたくする	kaitaku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開拓すれ	かいたくすれ	kaitaku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開拓せよ¹ 開拓しろ²	かいたくせよ¹ かいたくしろ²	kaitaku seyo¹ kaitaku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開拓される	かいたくされる	kaitaku sareru
Causative	開拓させる 開拓さす	かいたくさせる かいたくさす	kaitaku saseru kaitaku sasu
Potential	開拓できる	かいたくできる	kaitaku dekiru
Volitional	開拓しよう	かいたくしよう	kaitaku shiyō
Negative	開拓しない	かいたくしない	kaitaku shinai
Negative continuative	開拓せず	かいたくせず	kaitaku sezu
Formal	開拓します	かいたくします	kaitaku shimasu
Perfective	開拓した	かいたくした	kaitaku shita
Conjunctive	開拓して	かいたくして	kaitaku shite
Hypothetical conditional	開拓すれば	かいたくすれば	kaitaku sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
開	拓

Noun

開拓 • (gaecheok) (hangeul 개척)

1. Hanja form^? of 개척 (“cultivation; development”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
開	拓

Verb

開拓

1. chữ Hán form of khai thác (“to exploit (resources, etc.); to make use of; to harness”).