Wiktionary

開

See also: 开
開 U+958B, 開
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-958B
← 閊
[U+958A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 閌 →
[U+958C]
開 U+2F9EE, 開
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EE
← 𨯺
[U+2F9ED] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 䦕 →
[U+2F9EF]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

開 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓一廿 (ANMT), four-corner 77441, composition ⿵門开(U+958B) or ⿵門幵(U+2F9EE))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1331, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41233
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1835, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4286, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+958B

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 開
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.

Compare 闢.

Etymology 1 edit

trad. 開
simp. 开*
alternative forms
 
𫔭 obsolete Singapore simplified
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𫔭 obsolete Singapore simplified
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑

According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).

The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • kŭi - vernacular;
  • kăi - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khui - vernacular;
    • khai - literary.
    Note:
    • kui1 - vernacular;
    • kai1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 開
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦哀切
    Baxter khoj
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰʌi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰəi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰɒi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəj/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰᴀi/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰɒi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰɑ̆i/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kāi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hoi1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 開 開
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kāi kāi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khoj › ‹ khoj ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Nə-[k]ʰˁəj/ /*[k]ʰˁəj/
    English to open (v.i.) to open (v.t.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 開
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7348
    Phonetic
    component         		開
    Rime
    group         		微
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		開
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰɯːl/

    Definitions edit

    開

    1. to open; to unlatch; to unfasten
      我開不到這扇門。／我开不到这扇门。  ―  Wǒ kāi budào zhè shàn mén.  ―  I can't open the door.
      商店開到八點。／商店开到八点。  ―  Shāngdiàn kāi dào bā diǎn.  ―  The shop opens till eight o'clock.
    2. to start; to turn on; to switch on
      開電燈／开电灯  ―  kāi diàndēng  ―  to switch the light on
      開電腦／开电脑  ―  kāi diànnǎo  ―  to turn on the computer
    3. to make an opening; to open up
      開荒／开荒  ―  kāihuāng  ―  to open up wasteland
      開運河／开运河  ―  kāi yùnhé  ―  to dig a canal
      在牆上開個洞／在墙上开个洞  ―  zài qiáng shàng kāi ge dòng  ―  to make a hole in the wall
    4. (of a flower) to open out
      花開了。／花开了。  ―  Huā kāi le.  ―  The flower is blooming.
    5. (of a frozen river) to thaw
    6. to begin; to start
      開工／开工  ―  kāigōng  ―  to start working
    7. to start; to set up; to open
      開間燒臘舖／开间烧腊铺 [Cantonese]  ―  hoi1 gaan1 siu1 laap6 pou3-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to open a roasted meats shop
      我開了個銀行帳戶。 [MSC, trad.]
      我开了个银行帐户。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ kāi le ge yínxíng zhànghù. [Pinyin]
      I opened a bank account.
    8. to remove (a ban or restriction)
      開禁／开禁  ―  kāijìn  ―  to lift a ban
      開齋／开斋  ―  kāizhāi  ―  to resume a meat diet
    9. to boil (bubble and turn to vapour)
      水開了沒有？／水开了没有？  ―  Shuǐ kāi le méiyǒu?  ―  Has the water boiled?
    10. to write out (a prescription, check, invoice, etc.)
      開支票／开支票  ―  kāi zhīpiào  ―  to write a check
      我們開了一張學生必讀書單。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们开了一张学生必读书单。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen kāi le yī zhāng xuéshēng bìdú shūdān. [Pinyin]
      We made a list of required books for students.
    11. to book (a hotel room)
    12. to operate/run a business
    13. to hold (a meeting, exhibition, etc.)
      開會／开会  ―  kāihuì  ―  to hold a meeting
    14. to pay
      開工資／开工资  ―  kāi gōngzī  ―  to pay wages
    15. to operate; to drive (a vehicle)
      開車／开车  ―  kāichē  ―  to drive a car
      開炮／开炮  ―  kāipào  ―  to fire a cannon
      船長把船開到對岸去。 [MSC, trad.]
      船长把船开到对岸去。 [MSC, simp.]
      Chuánzhǎng bǎ chuán kāi dào duì'àn qù. [Pinyin]
      The captain sailed the boat to the opposite bank.
      火車已經開了。／火车已经开了。  ―  Huǒchē yǐjīng kāi le.  ―  The train has already departed.
    16. apart; away
      散開／散开  ―  sànkāi  ―  to separate and strew; to scatter; to disperse
      走開／走开  ―  zǒukāi  ―  to move out of the way
      坐開／坐开 [Cantonese]  ―  co5 hoi1 [Jyutping]  ―  to sit farther away
      唔好遊咁開／唔好游咁开 [Cantonese]  ―  m4 hou2 jau4 gam3 hoi1 [Jyutping]  ―  don't swim so far away
    17. (informal) Short for 開除／开除 (kāichú, “to fire; to sack; to discharge; to dismiss”).
    18. (informal) to eat up
    19. (Cantonese) Habitual aspect particle.
      你有冇食開啲乜嘢藥㗎？ [Cantonese, trad.]
      你有冇食开啲乜嘢药㗎？ [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 jau5 mou5 sik6 hoi1 di1 mat1 je5 joek6 gaa3? [Jyutping]
      Are you taking any medication?
      去開買餸，幫我買樽豉油吖。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      去开买𩠌，帮我买樽豉油吖。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      heoi3 hoi1 maai5 sung3, bong1 ngo5 maai5 zeon1 si6 jau4 aa1. [Jyutping]
      When you go and do your groceries, buy a bottle of soy sauce for me.
    20. (physics) Short for 開爾文／开尔文 (kāi'ěrwén, “kelvin”).
    21. (Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).
    22. (Hokkien) to spend (money)
    23. a surname
    Synonyms edit
    Antonyms edit
    Compounds edit
    Descendants edit
    Sino-Xenic (開):
    • → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
    • → Vietnamese: khai (開)

    Others:

    • → Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)
    • → Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)
    • → Zhuang: hai (“open”)

    Etymology 2 edit

    trad. 開
    simp. 开*
    alternative forms 𫔭 obsolete Singapore simp.
    K

    Borrowed from English K (“karat”).

    Pronunciation edit

    Definitions edit

    開

    1. karat (measure of gold purity)

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 3 edit

    trad. 開
    simp. 开*
    alternative forms 嗨

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation edit

      This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

    Definitions edit

    開

    1. (dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Hakka) Perfective aspect particle.
    Synonyms edit
    Dialectal synonyms of 了 (“(perfective particle)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 矣1
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 了
    Mandarin Beijing 了
    Taiwan 了
    Harbin 了
    Yantai (Muping) 了
    Jinan 了
    Luoyang 了
    Wanrong 嘮
    Xi'an 咧
    Yinchuan 了
    Ürümqi 咧
    Wuhan 了
    Chengdu 了
    Guiyang 了
    Guilin 了
    Liuzhou 了
    Xuzhou 了
    Yangzhou 了
    Nanjing 了
    Malaysia 了
    Singapore 了
    Cantonese Guangzhou 咗, 嘵 obsolete
    Hong Kong 咗
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 咗
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 咗
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 耗
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 好
    Macau 咗, 敲
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 咗
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 咗
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 咗
    Foshan 咗
    Foshan (Sanshui) 咗
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 咗
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 哺
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 咗
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 誒, 咗
    Taishan 誒
    Kaiping (Chikan) 誒
    Enping (Niujiang) 誒
    Dongguan 敲
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 好
    Shenzhen (Dapeng) 後, 咗
    Qingyuan 咗
    Fogang 咗
    Yingde (Hanguang) 咗
    Shaoguan 咗
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 咗
    Renhua 咗
    Lechang 咗
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 咗
    Xinxing 標
    Luoding 咗
    Yangjiang 都
    Nanning 嗮
    Nanning (Tanka) 嗮
    Wuzhou 啊
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 了
    Guiping 畢
    Guiping (Mule) 開, 了
    Pingnan 開
    Guigang (Gangcheng) 開
    Guigang (Pingdong) 開, 了
    Beihai 了
    Beihai (Nankang) 了
    Beihai (Yingpan) 了
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 了, 咗
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 咗
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 了, 咗
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咗
    Singapore (Guangfu) 咗
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 咗
    Móng Cái 了, 咗
    Gan Nanchang 了
    Lichuan 了
    Hakka Meixian 了
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 拋, 阿
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 開
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 開
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 開
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 哩
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 哩
    Wuhua (Changbu) 哩
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 哩
    Yudu 了
    Hong Kong 開
    Senai (Huiyang) 開
    Kuching (Hepo) 了
    Huizhou Jixi 了
    Jin Taiyuan 咾
    Xinzhou 咾
    Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 了
    Min Bei Jian'ou 了
    Min Dong Fuzhou 了, 𡅏
    Min Nan Penang (Hokkien) 了
    Singapore (Hokkien) 了
    Manila (Hokkien) 了, 囉
    Chaozhou 了
    Shantou 了
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 了
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 了
    Wu Shanghai 仔, 了
    Shanghai (Chongming) 仔
    Suzhou 仔
    Hangzhou 得, 了
    Ningbo 仔
    Wenzhou 爻
    Jinhua 了

    Japanese edit

     
    Ryakuji for 開, based on ryakuji for 門; compare also 間 and 𫔭.

    Kanji edit

    開

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. open

    Readings edit

    Antonyms edit

    Derived terms edit

    Etymology edit

    Kanji in this term
    開
    かい
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 開 (MC khoj).

    Pronunciation edit

    Affix edit

    開(かい) • (kai) 

    1. open
    2. start; beginning

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese 開 (MC khoj). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡ (koy) (Yale: koy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    開 (eumhun 열 개 (yeol gae))

    1. Hanja form? of 개 (“open”).

    Compounds edit

    Compounds

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    開: Hán Việt readings: khai[1][2][3][4]
    開: Nôm readings: khơi[5], khui[5]

    1. (literary) chữ Hán form of khai (“to open, to start, to begin”).
    2. Nôm form of khui (“to open, to pry open”).

    References edit

    1. ^ Trần (1999).
    2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Bonet (1899).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hồ (1976).
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