開

See also: 开
開 U+958B, 開
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-958B
← 閊
[U+958A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 閌 →
[U+958C]
開 U+2F9EE, 開
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9EE
← 𨯺
[U+2F9ED] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 䦕 →
[U+2F9EF]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

開 (radical 169, 門+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日弓一廿 (ANMT), four-corner 77441, composition ⿵門开(U+958B) or ⿵門幵(U+2F9EE))

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 開
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.

Etymology 1Edit

trad. 開
simp. 开*
alternative forms 𫔭 obsolete Singapore simp.; ryakuji
𨵑

According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • kŭi - vernacular;
  • kăi - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khui - vernacular;
    • khai - literary.
    Note:
    • kui1 - vernacular;
    • kai1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    Rime
    Character 開
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 苦哀切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kʰʌi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kʰəi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kʰɒi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kʰəj/
    Li
    Rong         		/kʰᴀi/
    Wang
    Li         		/kʰɒi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kʰɑ̆i/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		kāi
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 開 開
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		kāi kāi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ khoj › ‹ khoj ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Nə-[k]ʰˁəj/ /*[k]ʰˁəj/
    English to open (v.i.) to open (v.t.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 開
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7348
    Phonetic
    component         		開
    Rime
    group         		微
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		開
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kʰɯːl/

    DefinitionsEdit

    開

    1. to open; to unlatch; to unfasten
    2. to start; to turn on; to switch on
      • 開電燈 / 开电灯  ―  kāi diàndēng  ―  to switch the light on
      • 開電腦 / 开电脑  ―  kāi diànnǎo  ―  to turn on the computer
    3. to begin; to start
    4. to boil; to seethe
    5. to write out (a prescription, check, invoice, etc.)
    6. to book (a hotel room)
    7. to operate/run a business
    8. to operate; to drive (a vehicle)
    9. apart; away
    10. (Cantonese) Habitual aspect particle.
    11. (physics) Short for 開爾文／开尔文 (kāi'ěrwén, “kelvin”).
    12. (Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).
    13. A surname​.
    SynonymsEdit
    AntonymsEdit
    CompoundsEdit
    Derived terms from 開
    DescendantsEdit
    Sino-Xenic (開):
    • → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
    • → Vietnamese: khai (開)

    Others:

    • → Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)
    • → Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)
    • → Zhuang: hai (“open”)

    Etymology 2Edit

    trad. 開
    simp. 开*
    alternative forms 𫔭 obsolete Singapore simp.
    K

    Borrowed from English K (“karat”).

    PronunciationEdit

    DefinitionsEdit

    開

    1. karat (measure of gold purity)
    CompoundsEdit

    JapaneseEdit

     
    Ryakuji for 開, based on ryakuji for 門; compare also 間 and 𫔭.

    KanjiEdit

    開

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. open

    ReadingsEdit

    AntonymsEdit

    Derived termsEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    Kanji in this term
    開
    かい
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 開 (MC kʰʌi).

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    開(かい) • (kai) 

    1. open
    2. start; beginning

    KoreanEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    From Middle Chinese 開 (MC kʰʌi). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡ (Yale: koy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    開 (eumhun 열 개 (yeol gae))

    1. Hanja form? of 개 (“open”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    VietnameseEdit

    Hán TựEdit

    開: Hán Việt readings: khai[1][2][3][4]
    開: Nôm readings: khơi[5], khui[5]

    1. (literary) Hán tự form of khai (“to open, to start, to begin”).
    2. Nôm form of khui (“to open, to pry open”).

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ Trần (1999).
    2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Bonet (1899).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hồ (1976).
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