-tio

See also: Appendix:Variations of "tio"

Latin

Alternative forms

-siō (in primarily third conjugation verbs with stems ending in -t-, -d-, -rg-, -ll-, or -rr-.)
-ciō (Medieval Latin)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-tisder.

Proto-Italic *-tjō

Latin -tiō

Probably from Proto-Italic *-tjō, an n-stem extension of Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *-Hō or from Proto-Indo-European *-tyon with Old Armenian -ութիւն (-utʻiwn) as a cognate. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ti.oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [t̪͡s̪i.o] (stressed on the antepenult)

Suffix

-tiō f (genitive -tiōnis); third declension

-tion, -ation, -ing; suffixed to a verb (usually a participle form) to form a noun relating to some action or the result of an action.
dictātiō (“a dictating, dictation”), from dictātum, supine of dictō (“I dictate”)

quadripartītiō (“a division into four parts”), from quadripartītum, supine of quadripartiō (“I divide in four parts”)

Usage notes

The suffix is occasionally added to other parts of speech, or appears in situations where no related verb apparently exists; more at -ātiō.

gradātiō (“making of a staircase or steps”), from gradus (“step, pace”).

Declension

Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-tiō	-tiōnēs
genitive	-tiōnis	-tiōnum
dative	-tiōnī	-tiōnibus
accusative	-tiōnem	-tiōnēs
ablative	-tiōne	-tiōnibus
vocative	-tiō	-tiōnēs

Synonyms

-tūra, -tus

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tio

Descendants

Inherited

Eastern Romance
- Aromanian: -ciuni
- Romanian: -ciune
Franco-Provençal: -cion, -son, -éson, -çon
French: -son, -aison, -çon
Italo-Dalmatian
- Italian: -zione, -gione, -zone, -zzone
  - → Sicilian: -ggioni
- Sicilian: -ciuni, -zziuni, -zzioni
Lombard: -zion
Occitano-Romance
- Catalan: -çó, -ó
- Occitan: -son
Romansch: -ziun, -schun
West Iberian
- Old Galician-Portuguese: -çon, -zon, -son
  - Galician: -zón
  - Portuguese: -ção, -zão, -são
- Spanish: -zón, -són

Borrowed

→ Aragonese: -ción
→ Asturian: -ción
→ Azerbaijani: -siya, -syon
→ Bulgarian: -ция (-cija)
→ Catalan: -ció
→ Czech: -ce
→ Danish: -tion
→ Dutch: -tie
- → Indonesian: -si
→ Esperanto: -cio
→ Faroese: -sjón
→ Finnish: -tio
→ Old French: -cion
- French: -tion, -ation
  - → Norwegian: -sjon
  - → Ottoman Turkish: ـسیون (-syon, -siyon)
    - Turkish: -syon, -siyon
- → Middle English: -cioun
  - English: -tion
    - → Malay: -syen, -sen
  - Scots: -tion
- Galician: -ción
→ Georgian: -ცია (-cia)
→ German: -tion
→ Hebrew: ־ציה (-tsya)
→ Hungarian: -ció
→ Italian: -zione
→ Ladino: -sión
→ Latvian: -cija
→ Lithuanian: -cija
→ Maltese: -zjoni
→ Norwegian: -sjon
→ Occitan: -cion
→ Polish: -cja
→ Romanian: -ție, -țiune
→ Russian: -ция (-cija)
- → Crimean Tatar: -tsiya
- → Hebrew: ־ציה
→ Serbo-Croatian: -ција, -cija
→ Slovak: -cia
→ Slovene: -cija
→ Spanish: -ción
→ Swedish: -tion
→ Ukrainian: -ція (-cija)
→ Yiddish: ־ציע (-tsye)

References

Haudry, Jean (1981) L'indo-européen, pages 55-56
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN