-ing
EnglishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
- (UK) (southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent) IPA(key): /ɪŋɡ/[1]
- (UK) (Kent) IPA(key): /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
- (US and Canada, sometimes) IPA(key): /in/, /iŋ/
- (US, Canada) Homophone: een (some dialects)[2]
- (UK, General Australian) Homophone: ink (some dialects)
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
- As true nouns.
- My hearing is not good.
- I have had several meetings with him.
- As gerunds.
- Smoking is bad for your health.
- She has a habit of sleeping late.
- I like meeting people.
- As true nouns.
- Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.
- Roofing is material that is used to roof.
- Clothing is material with which one is clothed.
- The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.
Usage notesEdit
Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:
- the activating of the weapon must be stopped
- the act of activating the weapon must be stopped
- the activation of the weapon must be stopped
In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.
There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g. /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). [3] The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.
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See alsoEdit
- (collection): work
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.
Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form present participles of verbs.
- Rolling stones gather no moss.
- You are making a mess.
- a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
- If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.
TranslationsEdit
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Etymology 3Edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- (no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.
- Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.
- ^ Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143
- ^ Jespersen, Otto (1909) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)[1], volume I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.
AnagramsEdit
DanishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing c (singular definite -ingen, plural indefinite -inger)
- added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
- designate a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities
InflectionEdit
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
DutchEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.
SuffixEdit
-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)
- Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing m
- (no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.
Usage notesEdit
The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing m (plural -ings)
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs
Usage notesEdit
- Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).
FuyugEdit
NounEdit
-ing
ReferencesEdit
- Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)
GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.
SuffixEdit
-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)
- (in English borrowings) -ing
- (productive, colloquial, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.
- Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport
- Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle
- 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]
- Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.
- Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.
- 2012, Hans Zippert, Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke, in: Website of Die Welt
- Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.
- In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.
Usage notesEdit
- Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a verb denoting repetitive action.
- kering (“to circulate, orbit”)
Usage notesEdit
- (frequentative suffix) Harmonic variants:
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
IcelandicEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -ing, similar to -ingur.
SuffixEdit
-ing f
- -ing; Indicates an action performed by a verb.
Derived termsEdit
Low GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Low German -inc, from Old Saxon -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.
Usage notesEdit
- Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
- The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.
Derived termsEdit
- Bläuming
- Bräuding = Brüderchen (little brother)
- Dirning = Dirnken < Dirn (young girl)
- Döchting = Töchterchen (little daughter)
- fixing
- Körling
- Nahwersching
- nipping
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.
Middle EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
- Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.
Etymology 2Edit
From Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
- (marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.
Norwegian BokmålEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing m or f or m (see below)
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
- Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging
- Used to form demonyms.
Usage notesEdit
The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.
Derived termsEdit
- austlending
- estlending
- finlending
- flamlending
- færøying
- grønlending
- helgelending
- hjaltlending (Nynorsk)
- hollending
- hordalending
- innlending
- irlending
- islending
- leilending (Bokmål), leiglending (Nynorsk)
- lettlending
- nederlending
- newzealending
- nordlending
- nyzealending
- shetlending
- swazilending
- sørlending
- thailending
- utlending
- vestlending
- viking
- østlending
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian NynorskEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-ing f
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m.
SuffixEdit
-ing m
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
OjibweEdit
FinalEdit
-ing
- used in certain adverbs
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final
SuffixEdit
-ing
- A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun
See alsoEdit
Old EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Variant of -ung.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forming derivatives of masculine nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.
Derived termsEdit
Old NorseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
SuffixEdit
-ing f
- Forms gerund nouns from verbs
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Icelandic: -ing, -ung
- Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
- Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
- Old Swedish: -ing, -ung
- Danish: -ing
See alsoEdit
OttawaEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- locative
ReferencesEdit
Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001) Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, University of Toronto, page 194
ScotsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Alternative form of -in (“ing”)
SpanishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
Unadapted borrowing from English -ing.
SuffixEdit
-ing m (plural -ings)
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs
Usage notesEdit
- Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).
Usage notesEdit
According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.
Derived termsEdit
SwedishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Swedish -ing, -ung, from Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
SuffixEdit
-ing c or f
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation. See also -ning, -ung.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Swedish -inger, from Old Norse -ingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Cognate with Icelandic -ingur, English -ing (derivative suffix).
SuffixEdit
-ing c or m
- (rarely productive) added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.; -er, -ite. See also -ling.
- (rarely productive) diminutive suffix
Derived termsEdit
AnagramsEdit
TagalogEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -ng – for roots ending in vowels
EtymologyEdit
Possibly from Spanish -ín. Compare tsikiting with Spanish chiquitín and list of Derived terms.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
UzbekEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
postconsonantal | -ing |
---|---|
postvocalic | -ning |
-ing (-инг)
- second-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as sening (“your”) placed before a noun.
- Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.
Usage notesEdit
When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.