-ing

See also: ing, Ing, ING, -ing-, ing., Ing., and -ïng

Contents

EnglishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

• -in', -in (colloquial)

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
• (US and Canada, sometimes) IPA^(key): /iːn/, /ɪ̝ŋ/
• (US, Canada) Homophone: een (some dialects)
• (UK, Australia) Homophone: ink (some dialects)

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō, from Proto-Indo-European *-enkʷ-. Cognate with West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing (“-ing”) Low German -ink (“-ink”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. Used to form gerunds, a type of verbal nouns, from verbs.

   the making of the film; the forging of the sword took several hours of planning, preparation, and metalwork

2. Used to form uncountable nouns from various parts of speech denoting materials or systems of objects considered collectively.

   Roofing is a material that covers a roof.

   Piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

Usage notesEdit

• If the suffix is applied to a word ending in a voiceless stop such as /p/, /t/, /k/ (which are normally aspirated in English), the stops are unaspirated.
• Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) verbs with similar meaning: the activating of the weapon must be stopped vs the activation of the weapon.

SynonymsEdit

• (activity): -ery
• (collection): -age, -ery

Derived termsEdit

collection

• batting
• bunting
• piping

• roofing
• siding

• ticking
• wadding

TranslationsEdit

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

forming verbal nouns

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: (with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns)

• Dutch: -ing (nl) f, nominalization of the infinitive
• Faroese: -ing f
• Finnish: -minen, -nti
• Galician: -ando
• German: -ung (de)
• Greek: Use το να + second person singular present verb form
• Icelandic: -ing
• Interlingua: -ion, -mento, -ar, -er, -ir
• Japanese: (use a verb in continuative form) (i.e. 泳ぎ (oyogi, “swimming”) from 泳ぐ (oyogu, “to swim”)), -の (ja) (-no), -こと (ja) (-koto)

• Khmer: ការ (km) (kaa) (prefix)
• Lao: please add this translation if you can
• Low German: -d n

  German Low German: -en f; -inge, -ing f, -unge, -ung

  Middle Low German: -t n; -inge f

• Malay: peng--an
• Norwegian: -ing (no)
• Old Norse: -ing f
• Portuguese: use the infinitive
• Russian: -а́ние n (-ánije), -е́ние n (-énije), -о́вка f (-óvka), -ля f (-lja)
• Thai: การ- (gaan-), ความ- (kwaam-)

materials, systems of objects

• Dutch: -werk n, -systeem (nl) n
• Faroese: -ing f

• Malay: -an
• Old Norse: -ing f

See alsoEdit

• (collection): work

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration or replacement by the above of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-nt-. Cognate with Dutch -end, German -end, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳 (-and), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ον (-on), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. Used to form present participles of verbs.

   Rolling stones gather no moss.

   You are making a mess.

   • a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”

     If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

Derived termsEdit

• Category:English present participles

TranslationsEdit

to form present participles

• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 緊 (gan²), 住 (zyu⁶)

  Mandarin: 著 (zh), 着 (zh) (zhe), 正在 (zh) (zhèngzài)

• Danish: -ende
• Dutch: -end
• Faroese: -andi
• French: -ant (fr)
• German: -end (de)
• Icelandic: -andi
• Interlingua: -ante, -ente, -iente
• Italian: -ando, (verbs ending in -are), -endo (verbs ending in -ere or -ire), -ducendo (verbs ending in -durre)

• Khmer: កំពុង (km) (kɑmpuŋ) (prefix)
• Lao: please add this translation if you can
• Latin: -ens
• Neapolitan: -anno, -enno
• Norwegian: -ende (no)
• Portuguese: -ando (pt), -endo, -indo
• Russian: -ающий (-ajuščij), -ящий (-jaščij), -ущий (-uščij), -ющий (-juščij), -ащий (-aščij), -еющий (-ejuščij), -ующий (-ujuščij), -я́ющий (-jájuščij), -щий (-ščij)
• Spanish: -ando (verbs ending in -ar), -iendo, -yendo (verbs ending in -er and -ir)
• Swedish: -ande (sv) (verbs ending in -a), -ende (sv) (verbs ending in other letter than -a)
• Thai: กำลัง- (gamlang-)
• Turkish: -iyor

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr, Gothic -𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-iggs).

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as patronymics or diminutives. No longer productive in either sense.

   Browning, Channing, Ewing

   bunting

   shilling

   farthing

2. Having a specifed quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of

   sweeting

   whiting

   gelding

Derived termsEdit

terms derived using -ing (etymology 3)

• atheling

• gelding

See alsoEdit

• -ed

ReferencesEdit

AnagramsEdit

• IGN, NGI, gin, nig

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DanishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse -ingr, -angr, -ungr.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /enɡ/, [eŋ], IPA^(key): /nenɡ/, [neŋ]

SuffixEdit

-ing, -ning

1. added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
2. designate a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

Usage notesEdit

Nouns are in the common gender, and inflected -(n)ing -en, -er, -erne.

SynonymsEdit

• (added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process): -else, -tion

Derived termsEdit

• Category:Danish words suffixed with -ing
• Category:Danish words suffixed with -ning

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DutchEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -unga, -onga, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

SuffixEdit

-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)

1. Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.

Derived termsEdit

► Dutch words suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Alternative formsEdit

• -inck
• -ink

SuffixEdit

-ing m

1. (no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.

Usage notesEdit

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

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FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English.

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /iŋ/, [iŋɡ], [iɲ]

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notesEdit

• Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).

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FuyugEdit

NounEdit

-ing

1. plural marker

   amul (“woman”) : amuling (“women”)

ReferencesEdit

• Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

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HungarianEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): [iŋɡ]

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a verb denoting repetitive action.

   kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Usage notesEdit

• (frequentative suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -ong is added to back vowel words

  hajol (“to bend”) → hajlong (“to bow repetitively”)

  -eng is added to unrounded front vowel words

  derül (“to clear up”) → dereng (“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)

  -öng is added to rounded front vowel words

  őrül (“to go insane”) → őrjöng (“to be wild, furious, raging”)

  düh (“fury, rage”) → dühöng (“to be in a raging temper”)

  -ang is added to back vowel words (rare)

  lappang (“to lurk”)

  -ing is added to front vowel words (rare)

  kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Derived termsEdit

► Hungarian verbs suffixed with -ing

See alsoEdit

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

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Low GermanEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.

Usage notesEdit

• Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
• The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

Derived termsEdit

• Bläuming
• Bräuding
• Dirning
• Döchting
• fixing
• Körling
• Nahwersching
• nipping

See alsoEdit

• -ken
• (East Frisian) -je, -tje, -ke

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Norwegian BokmålEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/
• Rhymes: -ɪŋ

SuffixEdit

-ing m, f or m (see below)

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

   Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging

Usage notesEdit

The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m, f.

Derived termsEdit

Terms derived from -ing

• grønlending
• helgelending
• hjaltlending (Nynorsk)
• austlending
• estlending
• finlending
• flamlending
• færøying
• hollending

• hordalending
• innlending
• irlending
• islending
• leilending (Bokmål), leiglending (Nynorsk)
• lettlending
• nederlending
• newzealending
• nordlending

• nyzealending
• shetlending
• swazilending
• sørlending
• thailending
• utlending
• vestlending
• viking
• østlending

See alsoEdit

• -ning

ReferencesEdit

► Norwegian Bokmål words suffixed with -ing

• “-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

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Norwegian NynorskEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f

SuffixEdit

-ing f or m (see below)

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

Usage notesEdit

The gender is usually f (in Nynorsk) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are f.

Derived termsEdit

See Bokmål above.

See alsoEdit

• -ning

ReferencesEdit

► Norwegian Nynorsk words suffixed with -ing

• “-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

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Old EnglishEdit

PronunciationEdit

• IPA^(key): /iŋɡ/

Etymology 1Edit

Variant of -ung.

Alternative formsEdit

• -ung

SuffixEdit

-ing f

1. Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

Etymology 2Edit

From Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

SuffixEdit

-ing m

1. Forming derivatives of masculine nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

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SwedishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse ingr, lingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

SuffixEdit

-ing

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing. See also -ning.

Derived termsEdit

► Swedish words suffixed with -ing

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UzbekEdit

PronunciationEdit

EtymologyEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing (-инг)

1. second-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as sening (“your”) placed before a noun.

   Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.

Usage notesEdit

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.