-ing
EnglishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
- (UK) (southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Kent) IPA(key): /ɪŋɡ/[1]
- (UK) (Kent) IPA(key): /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
- (US and Canada, sometimes) IPA(key): /in/, /iŋ/
- (US, Canada) Homophone: een (some dialects)[2]
- (UK, General Australian) Homophone: ink (some dialects)
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing (“-ing”) Low German -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form gerunds, a type of verbal nouns, from verbs.
- While forging the sword, something happened.; Trying to forge a sword, he has broken it.
- Used to form uncountable nouns from verbs denoting the act of doing something, an action.
- A making of a film; The forging of the sword took several hours of planning, preparation, and metalwork
- Used to form uncountable nouns from various parts of speech denoting materials or systems of objects considered collectively.
- Roofing is a material that covers a roof.
- Piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.
Usage notesEdit
- Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning: «the activating of the weapon must be stopped» vs «the act of activating the weapon must be stopped» vs «the activation of the weapon must be stopped»; in the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.
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See alsoEdit
- (collection): work
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration or replacement by the above of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-nt-. Cognate with Dutch -end, German -end, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ον (-on), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form present participles of verbs.
- Rolling stones gather no moss.
- You are making a mess.
- a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
- If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.
TranslationsEdit
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Etymology 3Edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr, Gothic -𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-iggs).
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as patronymics or diminutives. No longer productive in either sense.
- Browning, Channing, Ewing
- bunting
- shilling
- farthing
- Having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of
- sweeting
- whiting
- gelding
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
AnagramsEdit
DanishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing c (singular definite -ingen, plural indefinite -inger)
- added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
- designate a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities
InflectionEdit
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
DutchEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -unga, -onga, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.
SuffixEdit
-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)
- Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing m
- (no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.
Usage notesEdit
The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs
Usage notesEdit
- Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).
FuyugEdit
NounEdit
-ing
ReferencesEdit
- Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)
GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.
SuffixEdit
-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)
- (in English borrowings) -ing
- (productive, colloquial, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.
- Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport
- Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle
- 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]
- Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.
- Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.
- 2012, Hans Zippert, Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke, in: Website of Die Welt
- Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.
- In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.
Usage notesEdit
- Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a verb denoting repetitive action.
- kering (“to circulate, orbit”)
Usage notesEdit
- (frequentative suffix) Harmonic variants:
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
IcelandicEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Derived termsEdit
Low GermanEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.
Usage notesEdit
- Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
- The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.
Derived termsEdit
- Bläuming
- Bräuding = Brüderchen (little brother)
- Dirning = Dirnken < Dirn (young girl)
- Döchting = Töchterchen (little daughter)
- fixing
- Körling
- Nahwersching
- nipping
ReferencesEdit
Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.
See alsoEdit
Middle EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
- Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2Edit
From Old English -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
- (marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Norwegian BokmålEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing m or f or m (see below)
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
- Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging
- Used to form demonyms.
Usage notesEdit
The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.
Derived termsEdit
- grønlending
- helgelending
- hjaltlending (Nynorsk)
- austlending
- estlending
- finlending
- flamlending
- færøying
- hollending
- hordalending
- innlending
- irlending
- islending
- leilending (Bokmål), leiglending (Nynorsk)
- lettlending
- nederlending
- newzealending
- nordlending
- nyzealending
- shetlending
- swazilending
- sørlending
- thailending
- utlending
- vestlending
- viking
- østlending
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian NynorskEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f
SuffixEdit
-ing f or m (see below)
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
- Used to form demonyms.
Usage notesEdit
The gender is usually f (in Nynorsk) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are f.
Derived termsEdit
See Bokmål above.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
OjibweEdit
FinalEdit
-ing
- used in certain adverbs
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final
SuffixEdit
-ing
- A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun
See alsoEdit
Old EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Variant of -ung.
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
DeclensionEdit
SynonymsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Forming derivatives of masculine nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.
Old NorseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *-ingō.
SuffixEdit
-ing f
- Forms gerund nouns from verbs
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
SpanishEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs
Usage notesEdit
- Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).
Derived termsEdit
SwedishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse ingr, lingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing. See also -ning.
Derived termsEdit
AnagramsEdit
TagalogEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing
- Used to form diminutives.
See alsoEdit
UzbekEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ing (-инг)
- second-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as sening (“your”) placed before a noun.
- Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.
Usage notesEdit
When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.