Wiktionary

-ing

See also: ing, Ing, ING, -ing-, ing., Ing., and -ïng

EnglishEdit

 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).

SuffixEdit

-ing

  2. Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
    1. As true nouns.
      My hearing is not good.
      I have had several meetings with him.
    2. As gerunds.
      Smoking is bad for your health.
      She has a habit of sleeping late.
      I like meeting people.
  3. Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.
    Roofing is material that is used to roof.
    Clothing is material with which one is clothed.
    The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.
Usage notesEdit

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:

the activating of the weapon must be stopped
the act of activating the weapon must be stopped
the activation of the weapon must be stopped

In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.

There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g. /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). [3] The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).

SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
collection
TranslationsEdit

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

See alsoEdit

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.

SuffixEdit

-ing

  2. Used to form present participles of verbs.
    Rolling stones gather no moss.
    You are making a mess.
    • a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
      If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.
TranslationsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. (no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.
    Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing
    Browning, Channing, Ewing
    ‎Middle English *bunt + ‎-ing → ‎bunting
    ‎skill + ‎-ing → ‎shilling
    ‎fourth + ‎-ing → ‎farthing
  2. Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of
    ‎sweet + ‎-ing → ‎sweeting
    ‎white + ‎-ing → ‎whiting
    ‎geld + ‎-ing → ‎gelding
Derived termsEdit
terms derived using -ing (etymology 3)

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.
  2. ^ Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143
  3. ^ Jespersen, Otto (1909) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)‎[1], volume I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.

AnagramsEdit

DanishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing c (singular definite -ingen, plural indefinite -inger)

  1. added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
  2. designate a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

InflectionEdit

Declension of -ing
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative -ing -ingen -inger -ingerne
genitive -ings -ingens -ingers -ingernes

SynonymsEdit

  • (added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process): -else, -tion

Derived termsEdit

Danish terms suffixed with -ing

DutchEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

SuffixEdit

-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)

  1. Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.
Derived termsEdit
Dutch terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Alternative formsEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing m

  1. (no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.
Usage notesEdit

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English -ing.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing m (plural -ings)

  1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notesEdit

  • Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).

FuyugEdit

NounEdit

-ing

  1. plural marker
    amul (“woman”) : amuling (“women”)

ReferencesEdit

  • Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowed from English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.

SuffixEdit

-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)

  1. (in English borrowings) -ing
  2. (productive, colloquial, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.
    Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport
    Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle
    • 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]
      Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.
      Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.
    • 2012, Hans Zippert, Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke, in: Website of Die Welt
      Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.
      In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.

Usage notesEdit

  • Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).

HungarianEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a verb denoting repetitive action.
    kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Usage notesEdit

  • (frequentative suffix) Harmonic variants:
    -ong is added to back-vowel words
    hajol (“to bend”) → hajlong (“to bow repetitively”)
    -eng is added to unrounded front-vowel words
    derül (“to clear up”) → dereng (“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)
    -öng is added to rounded front-vowel words
    őrül (“to go insane”) → őrjöng (“to be wild, furious, raging”)
    düh (“fury, rage”) → dühöng (“to be in a raging temper”)
    -ang is added to back-vowel words (rare)
    lappang (“to lurk”)
    -ing is added to front-vowel words (rare)
    kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Derived termsEdit

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -ing

See alsoEdit

IcelandicEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse -ing, similar to -ingur.

SuffixEdit

-ing f

  1. -ing; Indicates an action performed by a verb.

Derived termsEdit

Icelandic terms suffixed with -ing

Low GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Low German -inc, from Old Saxon -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.

Usage notesEdit

  • Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
  • The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

Derived termsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.

Middle EnglishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

  • (mainly Early ME) IPA(key): /unɡ/, [uŋɡ]
  • IPA(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
  2. Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".
Derived termsEdit
Middle English terms suffixed with -ing
DescendantsEdit
  • English: -ing, -in', -in
  • Scots: -in, -in', -ing
ReferencesEdit

Etymology 2Edit

From Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

  2. Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
  3. (marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit

Norwegian BokmålEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing m or f or m (see below)

  1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
    Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging
  2. Used to form demonyms.
    ‎Færøyene + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

Usage notesEdit

The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.

Derived termsEdit

Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ing

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Norwegian NynorskEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Norse -ing f.

SuffixEdit

-ing f

  1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
Derived termsEdit
Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m.

SuffixEdit

-ing m

  1. Used to form demonyms.
    ‎Færøyane + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

OjibweEdit

FinalEdit

-ing

  1. used in certain adverbs

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun

See alsoEdit

Old EnglishEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Variant of -ung.

Alternative formsEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -ing (strong ō-stem)
Case Singular Plural
nominative -ing -inga, -inge
accusative -inge -inga, -inge
genitive -inge -inga
dative -inge -ingum
Derived termsEdit
Old English terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2Edit

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. Forming derivatives of masculine nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.
Derived termsEdit
Old English terms suffixed with -ing

Old NorseEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

SuffixEdit

-ing f

  1. Forms gerund nouns from verbs

DeclensionEdit

  Declension of -ing (strong ō-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative -ing -ingin -ingar -ingarnar
accusative -ing -ingina -ingar -ingarnar
dative -ingu -ingunni -ingum -ingunum
genitive -ingar -ingarinnar -inga -inganna
Note the dative -u that is a staple of the declension of these words

Derived termsEdit

Old Norse terms suffixed with -ing

DescendantsEdit

See alsoEdit

OttawaEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. locative

ReferencesEdit

Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001) Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, University of Toronto, page 194

ScotsEdit

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. Alternative form of -in (“ing”)

SpanishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

Unadapted borrowing from English -ing.

SuffixEdit

-ing m (plural -ings)

  1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notesEdit

  • Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).

Usage notesEdit

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Derived termsEdit

Spanish terms suffixed with -ing

SwedishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Swedish -ing, -ung, from Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

SuffixEdit

-ing c or f

  2. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation. See also -ning, -ung.
Derived termsEdit
Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (verbal noun)

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Swedish -inger, from Old Norse -ingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Cognate with Icelandic -ingur, English -ing (derivative suffix).

SuffixEdit

-ing c or m

  2. (rarely productive) added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.; -er, -ite. See also -ling.
    ‎Skåne (“Scania”) + ‎-ing → ‎skåning (“a Scanian”)
    ‎Island (“Iceland”) + ‎-ing → ‎islänning (“an Icelander”)
  4. (rarely productive) diminutive suffix
    ‎get (“goat”) + ‎-ing → ‎geting (“a wasp”)
    ‎släkt (“(extended) family”) + ‎-ing → ‎släkting (“a relative”)
    ‎galen (“crazy”) + ‎-ing → ‎galning (“a crazy person, lunatic, madman”)
Derived termsEdit
Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (demonym)
Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive)

AnagramsEdit

TagalogEdit

Alternative formsEdit

  • -ng – for roots ending in vowels

EtymologyEdit

Possibly from Spanish -ín. Compare tsikiting with Spanish chiquitín and list of Derived terms.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ˈʔiŋ/, [ˈʔiŋ]

SuffixEdit

-ing

  1. Diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.

Derived termsEdit

See alsoEdit

UzbekEdit

EtymologyEdit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

PronunciationEdit

  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

SuffixEdit

postconsonantal -ing
postvocalic -ning

-ing (-инг)

  1. second-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as sening (“your”) placed before a noun.
    Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.

Usage notesEdit

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.

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