cognate

EnglishEdit

Borrowed from Latin cognātus (“related by blood”), from com- + gnātus (“born”). Doublet of connate and cognatus.

Examples (linguistics)

English mother is cognate with Greek μητέρα (mitéra), German Mutter, Russian мать (matʹ) and Persian ‎ (mâdar).
English queen is cognate with quean, both of which are cognate with Russian жена́ (žená), Icelandic kona and Irish bean.
English embarrassed is a true cognate of Spanish embarazada but is a false friend because the modern meanings differ.
English much and Spanish mucho are false cognates because they came by their similar meanings via completely different Proto-Indo-European roots.

cognate (not comparable)

Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (law) related on the mother's side.
Synonyms: akin, same-blooded; see also Thesaurus:consanguine
Of the same or a similar nature; of the same family; proceeding from the same stock or root.
Synonyms: allied, kindred, connate; see also Thesaurus:akin
- 1953, Samuel Beckett, Watt, Olympia Press:
  This explanation provoked further great hilarity among the members of the committee. And the frankness was admired by many with which Louit, on his return, confessed to having found, in the course of his excursion, three barns in all, of which two contained empty bottles and the third the skeleton of a goat. But in other quarters this and cognate statements were viewed in another and less friendly light.
(linguistics) Descended from the same source lexemes (same etymons) of an ancestor language.

“Cognate to” is much less common than “cognate with” and not even mentioned in most dictionaries.

kindred by birth

descended from the same attested source lexeme of an ancestor language

Armenian: ազգակից (hy) (azgakicʿ)
Azerbaijani: kökdaş, eyniköklü
Bulgarian: родствен (bg) (rodstven), сроден (bg) (sroden)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 同源 (zh) (tóngyuán)
Czech: příbuzný (cs), stejného původu
Dutch: cognaat (nl) n, woordverwant m, wortelverwant m
Finnish: olla sukua [jollekin] (literally: "to be family")
French: apparenté (fr)
Georgian: მონათესავე (monatesave)
German: verwandt (de), etymologisch verwandt, stammverwandt, urverwandt (de), wurzelverwandt (de)
Greek: συγγενής (el) m or f (syngenís)
Hungarian: rokon (hu)
Icelandic: samstofna, skyldur
Italian: affine (it), imparentato (it)
Japanese: 同源 (dōgen)
Malay: kognat, serumpun
Manx: cocheintagh
Portuguese: cognato (pt)
Romanian: înrudit (ro) m
Russian: ро́дственный (ru) (ródstvennyj), однокоренно́й (ru) (odnokorennój)
Spanish: cognado (es)
Turkish: kökteş (tr)
Vietnamese: cùng gốc

cognate (plural cognates)

One of a number of things allied in origin or nature.
(law, dated) One who is related to another on the female side.
(law, dated) One who is related to another, both having descended from a common ancestor through legal marriages.
(linguistics) A word either descended from the same base word of the same ancestor language as the given word, or strongly believed to be a regular reflex of the same reconstructed root of proto-language as the given word.
Coordinate terms: etymon, derivative/reflex

Hypernym: paronym