German

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Etymology

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From late Middle High German straf, further origin uncertain. However, a semantic connection Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (to be stiff; be rigid; exert) has been proposed.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ʃtʁaf/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: straff

Adjective

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straff (strong nominative masculine singular straffer, comparative straffer, superlative am straffsten)

  1. (also figurative) tight, firm, of an object that could also be slack
    ein straffes Programma tight schedule
    • c. 1914, Franz Kafka, Der Prozess [The Trial], Berlin: Die Schmiede, published 1925:
      Er wandte ihm sein Gesicht zu, dessen viele straffe Falten nicht Alter, sondern Kraft zu beweisen schienen, und fing sofort wieder zu suchen an.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

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Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • straff” in Duden online
  • straff” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Icelandic

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Etymology

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From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (to squeeze, press, graze).[1] Cognate with Swedish straff; compare with German Strafe.

Noun

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straff n (genitive singular straffs, nominative plural ströff)

  1. (dated) punishment, penalty
  2. the state of being confined to one's home; house arrest, the state of being grounded

Declension

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    Declension of straff
n-s singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative straff straffið ströff ströffin
accusative straff straffið ströff ströffin
dative straffi straffinu ströffum ströffunum
genitive straffs straffsins straffa straffanna

References

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  1. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

Further reading

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.

Noun

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straff m (definite singular straffen, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)

  1. a punishment
  2. a penalty
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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straff

  1. imperative of straffe

References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology

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From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.

Noun

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straff f (definite singular straffa, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)

  1. a punishment
  2. a penalty

Derived terms

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References

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Swedish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (to squeeze, press, graze).[1]

Compare with German Strafe. Etymologies 2, 3, and 4 below are all clippings of compounds from Etymology 1.

Noun

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straff n

  1. a punishment, a penalty
  2. (law) sentence
Declension
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Clipping of straffspark

Noun

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straff c

  1. (soccer, common) penalty kick
    Synonym: straffspark
Declension
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Etymology 3

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Clipping of straffslag n

Noun

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straff c

  1. (ice hockey) penalty shot
Declension
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Etymology 4

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Clipping of straffkast n

Noun

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straff c

  1. (basketball, handball) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Declension
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References

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  1. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

Further reading

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