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U+5317, 北
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5317

[U+5316]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5318]
U+F963, 北
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F963

[U+F962]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F964]

北 U+2F82B, 北
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F82B
匆
[U+2F82A]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 卉
[U+2F82C]
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
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Translingual edit

Stroke order (Japan)
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 21, +3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中一心 (LMP), four-corner 11110, composition ⿲⿱(GJKV) or ⿰⿱⿰(HT))

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2574
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 262, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5317

Further reading edit

Chinese edit

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
𧉥
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • (Cantonese)
  • (Wu)

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) – two men back to back. Originally meaning “back”; the character (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs) refers to the original word.

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (to carry (on back), shoulder).

The sense of north is derived from back (of body): backto turn the back to; to retreatnorth.

The ancient Chinese value the southern direction and houses are traditionally oriented along a north-south axis, as evident in the fengshui theory and in the orientation of buildings in Chinese Neolithic sites. North is the direction the back is oriented to when the person is facing south.

Compare the graphical origin of (OC *nuːm, “south”) (Sagart, 1988).

Pronunciation 1 edit


Note:
  • pak - vernacular ("north");
  • pok - literary ("defeat").
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /pei²¹⁴/
    Harbin /pei²¹³/
    Tianjin /pei¹³/
    Jinan /pei²¹³/
    Qingdao /pe⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /pei²⁴/
    Xi'an /pei²¹/
    Xining /pɨ⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /pia¹³/
    /pɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /pə¹³/
    Ürümqi /pei²¹³/
    Wuhan /pɤ²¹³/
    Chengdu /pe³¹/
    Guiyang /pɛ²¹/
    Kunming /pə³¹/
    Nanjing /pəʔ⁵/
    Hefei /pɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /pei⁵³/
    Pingyao /pʌʔ¹³/ ~城
    /piʌʔ¹³/ ~面面
    Hohhot /piəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /poʔ⁵/
    Suzhou /poʔ⁵/
    Hangzhou /poʔ⁵/
    Wenzhou /pai²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /peʔ²¹/
    Tunxi /pi⁵/
    Xiang Changsha /pə²⁴/
    Xiangtan /pæ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /pɛt̚⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /pet̚¹/
    Taoyuan /pet̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /pɐk̚⁵/
    Nanning /pɐk̚⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /pɐk̚⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /pɔk̚³²/
    /pak̚³²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /pɔyʔ²³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /pɛ²⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /pak̚²/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔbak̚⁵/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (1)
    Final () (131)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter pok
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /pək̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /pək̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /pək̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /pək̚/
    Li
    Rong
    /pək̚/
    Wang
    Li
    /pək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /pək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    bo
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    bak1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    běi
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ pok ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*pˁək/
    English north

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 414
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*pɯːɡ/

    Definitions edit

    1. north; northern
        ―  běi  ―  to move north
        ―  Běijīng  ―  Beijing (literally, “northern capital”)
    2. to be defeated; to fail
        ―  bàiběi  ―  to suffer defeat

    Coordinate terms edit

    西北 (xīběi) 東北东北 (dōngběi)
    西 ()   (dōng)
    西南 (xīnán) 東南东南 (dōngnán)


    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (ほく) (hoku)
    • Korean: 북(北) (buk)
    • Vietnamese: bắc ()

    Others:

    • Japanese: (ペー) (, north wind (mahjong tile))

    Pronunciation 2 edit


    Definitions edit

    1. Original form of (bèi, “back; to betray”).

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. north
    2. escape, run away

    Readings edit

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Kanji in this term
    きた
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Attributed to Old Japanese,[1] although the exact phonetics are not clear, as the term is not cited in phonetic man'yōgana.

    Ultimate derivation unknown.

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (きた) (kita

    1. north (cardinal point)
      • 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 9, poem 412)
        (きた)()(かり)()くなるつれてこし(かず)はたらでぞかへるべらなる
        kita e yuku kari zo nakunaru tsurete koshi kazu wa tarade zo kaeruberanaru
        (please add an English translation of this example)
      Antonym: (minami)
    2. the North (northern part of a region)
    3. a northerly, north wind
      Synonym: 北風 (kitakaze, hokufū)
      Antonym: (minami)
    4. Short for 北の方 (kita no kata): northward
    5. a developed country
      from the many countries in the Northern Hemisphere are considered developed
    Coordinate terms edit
    西(せい)(ほく) (seihoku)
    (ほく)西(せい) (hokusei)
    (きた) (kita) (とう)(ほく) (tōhoku)
    (ほく)(とう) (hokutō)
    西(にし) (nishi)   (ひがし) (higashi)
    西(せい)(なん) (seinan)
    (なん)西(せい) (nansei)
    (みなみ) (minami) (とう)(なん) (tōnan)
    (なん)(とう) (nantō)


    Derived terms edit

    Proper noun edit

    (きた) or (キタ) (Kita

    1. Kita (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)
    2. (historical) the red-light district north of Edo Castle
      Synonyms: 北郭 (Hokkaku), 北国 (Hokkoku)
    3. a surname
    4. a female given name

    Verb edit

    (きた)する (kita surusuru (stem (きた) (kita shi), past (きた)した (kita shita))

    1. to go northwards
      Synonym: 北進する (hokushin suru)
    Conjugation edit

    Etymology 2 edit

    Kanji in this term
    ペー
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    From Mandarin (běi).

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (ペー) (

    1. (mahjong) north wind (mahjong tile)
      Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
    2. (mahjong) a (yaku, winning hand) with a triplet or quad of north wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 (han, doubles)
      Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
    Coordinate terms edit

    Etymology 3 edit

    Kanji in this term
    はい
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    6
    [kanji] Grade 6 kanji
    [kanji] back, stature
    (This term, , is a variant kanji form of the above term.)

    References edit

    1. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
    2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

    Korean edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC pok).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 븍〮 (Yale: púk)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 뒤〮 (Yale: twúy) 븍〮 (Yale: púk)
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 (Yale: puknyek)
    (Yale: twuy)
    (Yale: puk)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 북녘 (bungnyeok buk))

    1. Hanja form? of (north).

    Compounds edit

    Etymology 2 edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC bwojH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄈᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: ppóy)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    (eumhun 달아날 (daranal bae))

    1. Hanja form? of (to escape; to flee).

    Compounds edit

    Proper noun edit

    Hanja in this term

    (Buk) (hangeul )

    1. (in headlines) Short for ()() (Bukhan, (South Korea) North Korea).
    Usage notes edit

    A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

    See also edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

    Okinawan edit

    Kanji edit

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings edit

    Etymology edit

    Kanji in this term
    にし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, west).

    Noun edit

    (にし) (nishi

    1. north; northern; northwards

    Derived terms edit

    References edit

    • ニシ” in Haisai Okinawan Dialect.
    • にし【北】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
    • ニシ(にし)” in Okinawan Dialect Dictionary - Ajima.
    • にし” in Okinawan Dictionary - KozaWeb.

    Southern Amami-Oshima edit

    Kanji in this term
    にし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Kanji edit

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings edit

    Etymology edit

    Cognate with mainland Japanese 西 (nishi, west).

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (にし) (nisi

    1. north; northern; northwards

    References edit

    • にし【北】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: bắc, bác, bấc, bậc, bước

    1. chữ Hán form of bắc (north).

    Zhuang edit

    Noun edit

    1. Sawndip form of byaek (vegetable)