भाषा

See also: भीषा

Bhojpuri

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

Noun

भाषा (bhāṣā) f (Kaithi 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰)

1. language

   भोजपुरी भाषा ― bhojapurī bhāṣā ― Bhojpuri language

Hindi

Alternative forms

• भासा (bhāsā)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā). Doublet of भासा (bhāsā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /bʱɑː.ʂɑː/, [bʱäː.ʃäː]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑː
• Hyphenation: भा‧षा

Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) f (Urdu spelling بھاشا)

1. language, speech

   संस्कृत बहुत समृद्ध भाषा है।

   sanskŕt bahut samŕddh bhāṣā hai.

   Sanskrit is a very rich language.

   वह भाषा की उत्पत्ति पर खोज कर रहा है।

   vah bhāṣā kī utpatti par khoj kar rahā hai.

   He is doing research on the origins of language

Declension

Declension of भाषा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	भाषा bhāṣā	भाषाएँ bhāṣāẽ
oblique	भाषा bhāṣā	भाषाओं bhāṣāõ
vocative	भाषा bhāṣā	भाषाओ bhāṣāo

Synonyms

• ज़बान (zabān)
• बोली (bolī)
• लिसान (lisān)
• भाखा (bhākhā)

Derived terms

• देशभाषा (deśbhāṣā)
• परिभाषा (paribhāṣā)
• भारतीय आर्य भाषा (bhārtīya ārya bhāṣā)
• भाषा-परिवार (bhāṣā-parivār)
• भाषांतर (bhāṣāntar)
• भाषांतरकार (bhāṣāntarkār)
• भाषागत (bhāṣāgat)
• भाषाविज्ञान (bhāṣāvijñān)
• भाषावैज्ञानिक (bhāṣāvaijñānik)
• मातृभाषा (mātŕbhāṣā)
• राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā)

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “भाषा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā, “speech, language”), through Old Marathi 𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘰 (bhāṣā, “language”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bʱa.ʂa/

Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) f

1. language

   Synonym: बोली (bolī)

   इंग्रजी एक जागतिक भाषा आहे.

   iṅgrajī ek jāgtik bhāṣā āhe.

   English is a global language.

Declension

Declension of भाषा (fem ā-stem)
direct singular	भाषा bhāṣā
direct plural	भाषा bhāṣā
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	भाषा bhāṣā		भाषा bhāṣā
oblique सामान्यरूप	भाषे bhāṣe		भाषां- bhāṣān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	भाषेला bhāṣelā		भाषांना bhāṣānnā
ergative	भाषेने, भाषेनं bhāṣene, bhāṣena		भाषांनी bhāṣānnī
instrumental	भाषेशी bhāṣeśī		भाषांशी bhāṣānśī
locative सप्तमी	भाषेत bhāṣet		भाषांत bhāṣāt
vocative संबोधन	भाषे bhāṣe		भाषांनो bhāṣānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of भाषा (fem ā-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	भाषेचा bhāṣeċā	भाषेचे bhāṣeċe	भाषेची bhāṣecī	भाषेच्या bhāṣecā	भाषेचे, भाषेचं bhāṣeċe, bhāṣeċa	भाषेची bhāṣecī	भाषेच्या bhāṣecā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	भाषांचा bhāṣānċā	भाषांचे bhāṣānċe	भाषांची bhāṣāñcī	भाषांच्या bhāṣāncā	भाषांचे, भाषांचं bhāṣānċe, bhāṣānċa	भाषांची bhāṣāñcī	भाषांच्या bhāṣāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• अधिकृत भाषा (adhikrut bhāṣā, “official language”)
• जन्मभाषा (janmabhāṣā)
• देवभाषा (devbhāṣā, “Gods' language”)
• बालभाषा (bālbhāṣā)
• बोलीभाषा (bolībhāṣā, “colloquial language”)
• भाषांतर (bhāṣāntar, “translation”)
• भाषांतरकार (bhāṣāntarkār, “translator”)
• भाषाकुळ (bhāṣākuḷ, “language family”)
• भाषाविज्ञान (bhāṣāvidnyān, “linguistics”)
• भाषावैज्ञानिक (bhāṣāvaidnyānik, “linguist”)
• भाषाशैली (bhāṣāśailī)
• मातृभाषा (mātrubhāṣā, “mother tongue”)
• राज्यभाषा (rājyabhāṣā, “state language”)
• राष्ट्रभाषा (rāṣṭrabhāṣā, “national language”)
• संस्कृत भाषा (sauskrut bhāṣā, “Sanskrit language”)

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “भाषा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “भाषा”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “भाषा”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press
• Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “भाषा”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Nepali

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [bʱä̤sä]
• Phonetic Devanagari: भासा

Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā)

1. language

   Synonym: कुरा (kurā)

Declension

Declension of भाषा
	Singular	Plural
nominative	भाषा [bʱäsä]	भाषाहरू [bʱäsä̤ːɾu]
accusative	भाषालाई [bʱäsäläi]	भाषाहरूलाई [bʱäsä̤ːɾuläi]
instrumental/ergative	भाषाले [bʱäsäle]	भाषाहरूले [bʱäsä̤ːɾule]
dative	भाषालाई [bʱäsäläi]	भाषाहरूलाई [bʱäsä̤ːɾuläi]
ablative	भाषाबाट [bʱäsäbäʈʌ]	भाषाहरूबाट [bʱäsä̤ːɾubäʈʌ]
genitive	भाषाको [bʱäsäko]	भाषाहरूको [bʱäsä̤ːɾuko]
locative	भाषामा [bʱäsämä]	भाषाहरूमा [bʱäsä̤ːɾumä]
Notes: -को (-ko) becomes: -का (-kā) when followed by a plural noun. -की (-kī) when followed by a feminine noun.

Newar

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [bʱasa]

Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā)

1. language

Old Gujarati

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit भाषा (bhāṣā).

Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) f

1. talk, utterance

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ভাষা (Assamese script)
• ᬪᬵᬱᬵ (Balinese script)
• ভাষা (Bengali script)
• 𑰥𑰯𑰬𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀪𑀸𑀱𑀸 (Brahmi script)
• ဘာၑာ (Burmese script)
• ભાષા (Gujarati script)
• ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌭𑌾𑌷𑌾 (Grantha script)
• ꦨꦴꦰꦴ (Javanese script)
• 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰 (Kaithi script)
• ಭಾಷಾ (Kannada script)
• ភាឞា (Khmer script)
• ຠາຩາ (Lao script)
• ഭാഷാ (Malayalam script)
• ᢨᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢢᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
• 𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘰 (Modi script)
• ᠪᠾᠠᢗᢔᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧅𑧑𑧌𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 (Newa script)
• ଭାଷା (Odia script)
• ꢩꢵꢰꢵ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆨𑆳𑆰𑆳 (Sharada script)
• 𑖥𑖯𑖬𑖯 (Siddham script)
• භාෂා (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩳𑩛𑪀𑩛 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚡𑚭𑚭 (Takri script)
• ப⁴ாஷா (Tamil script)
• భాషా (Telugu script)
• ภาษา (Thai script)
• བྷཱ་ཥཱ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒦𑒰𑒭𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨡𑨊𑨯𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From the root भाष् (bhāṣ, “to speak”); further origin uncertain. Theories include:

• From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-s- (“to sound”); compare Lithuanian balsas (“voice”) and Latvian balss (“voice”). The retroflexion is in this case due to Fortunatov's law.
• From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-s- (“to speak”); compare Latin fās (“divine law”). The retroflex ṣ could either be onomatopoeic or to avoid homonymy with root भास् (bhās, “to shine”) (compare originally fully homonymous English flower and flour or German küssen and Kissen).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /bʱɑː.ʂɑː/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /bʱɑː.ʂɑː/

Noun

भाषा • (bhāṣā) stem, f

1. speech, language (especially common, vernacular or vulgar speech, as opposed to Vedic or in later times to Sanskrit, as the refined speech)
2. any Prakrit dialect or a particular group of 5 of them (namely माहाराष्ट्री (māhārāṣṭrī), शौरसेनी (śaurasenī), मागधी (māgadhī), प्राच्या (prācyā) and अवन्ति (avanti), also called पञ्चविधा (pañcavidhā))
3. description, definition
4. (law) accusation, charge, complaint, plaint
5. name of Saraswati
6. (music) name of रागिणी (rāgiṇī)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of भाषा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	भाषा (bhāṣā)	भाषे (bhāṣe)	भाषाः (bhāṣāḥ)
accusative	भाषाम् (bhāṣām)	भाषे (bhāṣe)	भाषाः (bhāṣāḥ)
instrumental	भाषया (bhāṣayā) भाषा¹ (bhāṣā¹)	भाषाभ्याम् (bhāṣābhyām)	भाषाभिः (bhāṣābhiḥ)
dative	भाषायै (bhāṣāyai)	भाषाभ्याम् (bhāṣābhyām)	भाषाभ्यः (bhāṣābhyaḥ)
ablative	भाषायाः (bhāṣāyāḥ) भाषायै² (bhāṣāyai²)	भाषाभ्याम् (bhāṣābhyām)	भाषाभ्यः (bhāṣābhyaḥ)
genitive	भाषायाः (bhāṣāyāḥ) भाषायै² (bhāṣāyai²)	भाषयोः (bhāṣayoḥ)	भाषाणाम् (bhāṣāṇām)
locative	भाषायाम् (bhāṣāyām)	भाषयोः (bhāṣayoḥ)	भाषासु (bhāṣāsu)
vocative	भाषे (bhāṣe)	भाषे (bhāṣe)	भाषाः (bhāṣāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Derived terms

• देवभाषा (devabhāṣā)
• पालिभाषा (pālibhāṣā)
• भाषाकुमुदमञ्जरी (bhāṣākumudamañjarī)
• भाषाकौमुदी (bhāṣākaumudī)
• भाषाचित्रक (bhāṣācitraka)
• भाषाज्ञ (bhāṣājña)
• भाषानुशासन (bhāṣānuśāsana)
• भाषान्तर (bhāṣāntara)
• भाषापरिच्छेद (bhāṣāpariccheda)
• भाषापाद (bhāṣāpāda)
• भाषाप्रकाशिका (bhāṣāprakāśikā)
• भाषामञ्जरी (bhāṣāmañjarī)
• भाषारत्न (bhāṣāratna)
• भाषार्णव (bhāṣārṇava)
• भाषालीलावती (bhāṣālīlāvatī)
• भाषाविवृतिगीता (bhāṣāvivṛtigītā)
• भाषावृत्ति (bhāṣāvṛtti)
• भाषावृत्त्यर्थवृत्ति (bhāṣāvṛttyarthavṛtti)
• भाषासम (bhāṣāsama)
• भाषासमिति (bhāṣāsamiti)

Descendants

Terms inherited from भाषा (bhāṣā)

• Dardic:
  • • Dameli: [script needed] (bâṣa, “language”)
      • Shina: بݜ (baṣ)
        • → Domaaki: [script needed] (bāṣ)
• Pali: bhāsā
  • → Balinese: ᬪᬵᬱ (bhāṣa)
  • → Burmese: ဘာသာ (bhasa)
  • → Indonesian: bahasa
  • → Isan: ภาษา (páa-sǎa)
  • → Javanese: ꦧꦱ (basa)
  • → Khmer: ភាសា (phiəsaa)
  • → Khün: ᨽᩣᩈᩣ
  • → Northern Thai: ᨽᩣᩈᩣ
  • → Lao: ພາສາ (phā sā)
  • → Lü: ᦘᦱᦉᦱ (phaaṡaa)
  • → Mon: ဘာသာ (pʰesa)
  • → Northern Thai: ᨽᩣᩇᩣ (bhasa)
  • → Shan: ၽႃႇသႃႇ (phàa sàa)
  • → Thai: ภาษา (paa-sǎa)
• Prakrit: 𑀪𑀸𑀲𑀸 (bhāsā)
  • Eastern:
    • Bengali: ভাস (bhaś)
    • Bihari:
      • Maithili: भास (bhās)
    • Chakma: 𑄞𑄌𑄴 (bhāc)
  • Northern:
    • Garhwali: भाख (bhākh)
    • Kumaoni: भाश
    • Nepali: भास (bhās)
  • Insular:
    • Dhivehi: ބަސް (bas, “language”)
    • Sinhalese: බහ (baha, “word, saying”)
  • Southern:
    • Konkani: भास (bhās)
  • Central:
    • Chhattisgarhi: भाखा (bhākhā)

Borrowed terms

• → Acehnese: بَهْسَا (bahsa)
• → Assamese: ভাষা (bhaxa)
• → Banjarese: بَهَاسَ (bahasa)
• → Bengali: ভাষা (bhaśa)
• → Betawi: bahasa
• → Buginese: ᨅᨔ (basa)
• → Cia-Cia: bahasa / 바하사 (bahasa)
• → Dogri: (bhāśā)

  Devanagari script: भाशा

  Dogra script: 𑠡𑠬𑠧𑠬

• → Fiji Hindi: भाषा (bhāṣā), bhasa
• → Gujarati: ભાષા (bhāṣā)
• → Hindi: भाषा (bhāṣā)
• → Kachchi: ભાષા (bhāṣā) (learned)
• → Kannada: ಭಾಷೆ (bhāṣe)
• → Madurese: بَهاسَ (basa)
• → Maguindanao: bahasah
• → Makasar: ᨅᨔ (basa)
• → Malay: bahasa (بهاس)
  • Indonesian: bahasa, basa (colloquial, uncommon)
    • → Cia-Cia: bahasa
    • → Dutch: bahasa
    • → English: Bahasa (along with Malay bahasa)
  • → English: Bahasa (along with Indonesian bahasa)
  • Pattani Malay: بهاس (bahasa)
• → Malayalam: ഭാഷ (bhāṣa), പാഴ (pāḻa) — tadbhava
• → Maranao: basa
• → Minangkabau: بَاسو (baso)
• → Nepali: भाषा (bhāṣā)
• → Newar: भाषा (bhāṣā)
• → Northern Khmer: พซา
• → Old Javanese: bhāṣa
  • > Javanese: ꦧꦱ (basa) (inherited)
  • → Balinese: ᬪᬵᬱ (basa)
• → Odia: ଭାଷା (bhāshā)
• → Old Marathi: 𑘥𑘰𑘬𑘰 (bhāṣā)
  • Marathi: भाषा (bhāṣā)
• → Punjabi: ਭਾਸ਼ਾ (bhāśā)
• → Sinhalese: භාෂාව (bhāṣāwa)
• → Sundanese: ᮘᮞ (basa)
• → Tamil: பாசை (pācai), பாடை (pāṭai) — nonstandard, rare, archaic, பாஷா (pāṣā), பாஷை (pāṣai) — tatsama
• → Tausug: bahasa
• → Telugu: భాష (bhāṣa)
• → Tulu: ಬಾಸೆ (bāse), ಭಾಷೆ (bhāṣe), ಭಾಶೆ (bhāśe), ಬಾಶೆ (bāśe)
• → Urdu: بھَاشَا (bhāśā)
• → Yakan: bahasa
• → Proto-Nuristani:
  • Waigali: [Term?] (bāṣ, “word”)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899) “भाषा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 755, column 3.
• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “भाषा”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 1196
• Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “भाषा”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “bhāṣā”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 540