外王母

Chinese

		outside; in addition; foreign outside; in addition; foreign; external	paternal grandmother; Queen Mother of the West
trad. (外王母)		外	王母
simp. #(外王母)		外	王母

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wàiwángmǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄇㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi⁶ wong⁴ mou⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wàiwángmǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄇㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wàiwángmǔ
    • Wade–Giles: wai⁴-wang²-mu³
    • Yale: wài-wáng-mǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: waywangmuu
    • Palladius: вайванму (vajvanmu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /waɪ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngoi⁶ wong⁴ mou⁵
    • Yale: ngoih wòhng móuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi⁶ wong⁴ mou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngoi⁶ wong⁴ mou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔːi̯²² wɔːŋ²¹ mou̯¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: ngwajH hjwang muwX

Rime
Character	外	王	母
Reading #	1/1	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	云 (35)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	泰 (26)	陽 (106)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III	I
Fanqie	五會切	雨方切	莫厚切
Baxter	ngwajH	hjwang	muwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɦʉɐŋ/	/məuX/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷɑiH/	/ɦʷiɐŋ/	/məuX/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣiuɑŋ/	/məuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwajH/	/ɦuaŋ/	/məwX/
Li Rong	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣiuaŋ/	/muX/
Wang Li	/ŋuɑiH/	/ɣĭwaŋ/	/məuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋuɑiH/	/iwaŋ/	/mə̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi	wáng	mǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngoi6	wong4	mau5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s  ɢʷaŋ  məʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds  ɢʷaŋ  mɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	外	王	母
Reading #	1/1	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wài	wáng	mǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngwajH ›	‹ hjwang ›	‹ muwX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/	/*ɢʷaŋ/	/*məʔ/ (? or *mˁoʔ)
English	outside	king	mother
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	外	王	母
Reading #	1/1	1/2	1/1
No.	12606	12742	9288
Phonetic component	外	王	母
Rime group	祭	陽	之
Rime subdivision	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	外	王	母
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷaːds/	/*ɢʷaŋ/	/*mɯʔ/

Noun

外王母

1. maternal grandmother

   • 母之考為外王父，母之妣為外王母。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     母之考为外王父，母之妣为外王母。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Erya, 5^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Mǔ zhī kǎo wéi wàiwángfù, mǔ zhī bǐ wéi wàiwángmǔ. [Pinyin]

     The father of one’s mother is the maternal grandfather, and the mother of one’s mother is the maternal grandmother.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 外祖母 (“maternal grandmother”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		外祖母, 外王母
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		外祖母
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	姥姥
	Taiwan	外婆, 阿嬤
	Ulanhot	姥姥, 姥兒
	Tongliao	姥姥, 姥兒
	Chifeng	姥姥
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	姥姥, 姥兒
	Harbin	姥兒, 姥姥
	Shenyang	姥娘
	Singapore	外婆, 婆婆
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	姥姥
	Jinan	姥娘
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	姥, 姥母
	Qingdao	姥娘
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	姥姥, 婆兒婆兒
	Wanrong	舅廈娘
	Zhengzhou	姥娘, 姥姥
	Xi'an	外奶, 舅家奶, 舅奶, 外婆 suburbs, 外拿 Hui
	Xining	外奶奶
	Xuzhou	外奶奶
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	舅奶, 舅奶奶, 外奶, 外奶奶
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	奶奶, 外奶奶, 姥姥
	Bayanhot	外奶奶, 姥姥
	Lanzhou	奶奶, 外奶奶
	Ürümqi	外奶奶
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	外婆, 家婆, 家家
	Wuhan	家家
	Guiyang	婆婆, 外婆
	Kunming	婆婆, 外婆
	Guilin	婆婆
	Liuzhou	外婆, 婆, 阿婆
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	婆婆
	Yangzhou	婆婆
	Nantong	外婆奶奶
	Hefei	外奶奶
	Huanggang	家婆
Cantonese	Guangzhou	阿婆 face-to-face, 婆婆, 外婆 non-face-to-face
	Hong Kong	阿婆, 婆婆
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	阿婆
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	外婆 non-face-to-face, 阿婆 face-to-face
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	姐婆
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	姐婆
	Macau	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Xinjiao, Haizhu)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Longxi, Liwan)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Huangpu)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Xinshi, Baiyun)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Shijing, Baiyun)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Jiangcun, Baiyun)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Longgui, Baiyun)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Renhe, Baiyun)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	阿婆
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	遠婆
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	阿婆
	Foshan	婆婆
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	阿婆
	Foshan (Shunde)	阿婆
	Foshan (Sanshui)	阿婆
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	外婆
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	阿婆
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	阿婆
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	祖婆
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	子婆
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	祖婆
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	祖婆
	Taishan	阿婆, 外婆, 婆
	Kaiping (Chikan)	阿婆
	Enping (Niujiang)	婆大
	Heshan (Yayao)	阿婆
	Dongguan	阿婆, 婆婆
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	阿婆
	Shaoguan	外婆
	Yunfu	阿婆
	Yangjiang	外婆
	Xinyi	外婆
	Lianjiang	姊婆, 阿婆
	Nanning	阿婆, 婆婆, 外婆
	Wuzhou	阿婆, 婆婆
	Yulin	外婆
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	外嫲
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	外婆
	Singapore (Guangfu)	外婆, 婆婆
Gan	Nanchang	阿婆
	Lichuan	阿婆
	Pingxiang	外婆
Hakka	Meixian	外阿婆, 外婆, 姐婆
	Xingning	姐婆
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	姐婆
	Huidong (Daling)	姐婆
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	姐婆
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	姐婆
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	姐婆
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	姐婆
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	姐婆
	Wuhua (Changbu)	姐婆
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	姐婆
	Wuhua (Meilin)	姐婆
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	姐婆
	Wengyuan	姐婆
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	姐婆
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	小婆
	Liannan	姐婆
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	姐婆
	Jiexi	姐婆
	Luhe	姐婆
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	外媽
	Changting	婆則
	Wuping	外娭姐
	Wuping (Yanqian)	外娭姐
	Wuping (Pingyu)	外阿婆
	Liancheng	外子媽
	Ninghua	婆婆
	Yudu	外婆
	Ningdu	外婆
	Ruijin	外婆
	Shicheng	外婆
	Shangyou (Shexi)	外婆
	Tonggu (Sandu)	外婆
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	外婆
	Dayu	外婆
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	姐婆
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	外阿婆, 阿婆
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	姐婆
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	外阿婆
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	姐嬤
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	外媽
	Hong Kong	姐婆
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	姐婆
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	姐婆
	Xinyi (Sihe)	姐婆
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	姐婆
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	外婆
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	外婆
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	姐婆
	Mengshan (Xihe)	姐婆
	Luchuan	姐婆
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	姐婆
	Sabah (Longchuan)	姐婆
	Senai (Huiyang)	姐婆
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	姐婆
	Singkawang	姐婆
	Singapore (Dabu)	阿姐
Huizhou	Jixi	外婆
	Shexian	外婆
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	外婆
Jin	Taiyuan	娘娘, 姥娘, 姥姥
	Pingyao	婆婆
	Xinzhou	姥姥啊, 呀姥, 姥姥
	Taibus (Baochang)	姥姥
	Linhe	姥娘
	Jining	姥姥
	Hohhot	姥姥
	Baotou	姥姥
	Dongsheng	姥姥
	Haibowan	姥姥, 姥娘
Northern Min	Jian'ou	畲嫲, 嫲嫲, 外婆
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	畲嫲
	Songxi	婆
	Zhenghe	婆奶
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	外婆
	Jianyang	婆婆
	Wuyishan	外婆
	Pucheng (Shibei)	阿婆, 畲嫲
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	外媽
	Fuzhou (Changle)	外媽
	Fuqing	外媽
	Yongtai	外媽
	Gutian	外媽
	Fu'an	外婆
	Ningde	外婆
	Shouning	外婆
	Zhouning	娘婆
	Fuding	外婆
	Matsu	外媽
Southern Min	Xiamen	阿媽, 俺媽, 外媽
	Quanzhou	媽仔, 俺媽, 外媽
	Jinjiang	外家媽
	Zhangzhou	阿媽, 咉媽, 外媽
	Taipei	外媽, 阿媽 GT
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	外媽
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	外媽
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	外媽
	Kaohsiung	外媽
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	外媽
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	外媽
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	外媽
	Yilan	外媽
	Yilan (Toucheng)	外媽
	Tainan	外媽
	Tainan (Anping)	外媽, 俺媽
	Kinmen	外媽
	Penghu (Magong)	外媽
	Penghu (Xiyu)	外媽
	Penang (Hokkien)	阿媽, 媽, 外媽
	Singapore (Hokkien)	俺媽, 阿媽, 外媽
	Manila (Hokkien)	外媽
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	外媽
	Chaozhou	外媽
	Shantou	外媽
	Jieyang	外媽
	Haifeng	外婆
	Bangkok (Teochew)	外媽
	Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew)	外媽
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	外媽
	Singapore (Teochew)	阿媽, 外媽
	Leizhou	外家祖婆
	Wenchang	外婆
	Haikou	媽, 阿媽, 婆, 外家媽, 外家婆, 外媽
	Singapore (Hainanese)	阿婆
Puxian Min	Putian	外頭媽
	Xianyou	外頭媽
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	婆 face-to-face, 外家婆 non-face-to-face
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	阿婆, 外婆
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	外婆, 婆婆
Wu	Shanghai	外婆, 外婆爾奶, 爾奶
	Shanghai (Chongming)	親婆, 外婆, 阿婆
	Suzhou	外婆
	Wuxi	舅婆
	Danyang	婆婆
	Hangzhou	外婆
	Ningbo	外婆
	Wenzhou	外婆娘, 外婆
	Jinhua	外婆, 婆婆
Xiang	Changsha	外婆
	Xiangtan	外婆
	Loudi	外婆
	Shuangfeng	外婆
	Quanzhou	外婆
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)