髑髏

See also: 髑髅

Chinese edit

		skull	skull
trad. (髑髏)		髑	髏
simp. (髑髅)		髑	髅

Etymology edit

Cognate with 頭顱 (OC *doː b·raː) and 𩑒顱 (MC dak|traek|trhaek lu). The first syllable 髑 (OC *doːɡ) is a Sino-Tibetan item probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tuk ~ *twak (“head; skull; neck”), whence also 脰 (OC *doːs, “neck”). The second syllable, 髏 (OC *roː) is likely a reduplication syllable starting with *r/*l (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively but less likely, the second syllable is related to 婁 (OC *ɡ·roː) with a hypothetical meaning of "empty" or "dried" (see 婁婁／娄娄 (“empty”)); compare Mizo lu ro (“skull”) (lit. "dried head"), with the second syllable ro meaning "dry".

Words that appear similar to 髑髏 (OC *doːɡ roː) include 顱 (MC lu, “skull”) and Khmer រលា (rɔliə, “forehead; cranium; skull”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dúlóu

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): duk⁶ lau⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): to̍k-lô͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dúlóu
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dúlóu
  - Wade–Giles: tu²-lou²
  - Yale: dú-lóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwulou
  - Palladius: дулоу (dulou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³⁵ loʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: duk⁶ lau⁴
  - Yale: duhk làuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: duk⁹ lau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: dug⁶ leo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊk̚² lɐu̯²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k-lô͘
  - Tâi-lô: to̍k-lôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dogloo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔk̚²⁴⁻² lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lɔ²³/

Middle Chinese: duwk luw

Rime
Character	髑	髏
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (3)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	徒谷切	落侯切
Baxter	duwk	luw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duk̚/	/ləu/
Pan Wuyun	/duk̚/	/ləu/
Shao Rongfen	/duk̚/	/ləu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwk̚/	/ləw/
Li Rong	/duk̚/	/lu/
Wang Li	/duk̚/	/ləu/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuk̚/	/lə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú	lóu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	duk⁶	lau⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ roː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	髑	髏
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11819	8459
Phonetic component	蜀	婁
Rime group	屋	侯
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	獨	樓
Old Chinese	/*doːɡ/	/*roː/

Noun edit

髑髏

skull of a corpse
- 莊子之楚，見空髑髏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  庄子之楚，见空髑髅。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Zhuāngzǐ zhī Chǔ, jiàn kōng dúlóu. [Pinyin]
  When Zhuangzi went to Chu, he saw an empty skull.
head of a corpse

Japanese edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
髑	髏
どく Hyōgaiji	ろ Hyōgaiji
goon	kan’yōon

From Middle Chinese 髑髏 (MC duwk luw, “skull”).

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) どくろ [dóꜜkùrò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [do̞kɯ̟ᵝɾo̞]

Noun edit

髑(どく)髏(ろ) • (dokuro)

a weathered clean skull
a death's head

Derived terms edit

髑(どく)髏(ろ)崇(すう)拝(はい) (dokuro sūhai): a skull cult
髑(どく)髏(ろ)杯(はい) (dokurohai): a goblet made from a skull

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
髑	髏
されこうべ
Hyōgaiji	Hyōgaiji
jukujikun

/sarekaube/ → /sarekɔːbe/ → /sarekoːbe/

Compound of 曝れ (sare, “weathering”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 曝れる (sareru, “to weather, to degrade in color or form due to long exposure to wind, rain, and sun”)) +‎ 頭 (kōbe, “head”).^[4]^[5]^[1]^[3]

The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

The fricative readings are less common, and derive as shifts from sarekōbe:

/sarekoːbe/ → /ɕarekoːbe/
/sarekoːbe/ → /ɕarekoːbe/ → /ɕarikoːbe/

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) されこーべ [sàrékóꜜòbè] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [sa̠ɾe̞ko̞ːbe̞]

(Tokyo) しゃれこーべ [shàrékóꜜòbè] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ɕa̠ɾe̞ko̞ːbe̞]

(Tokyo) しゃりこーべ [shàríkóꜜòbè] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɕa̠ɾʲiko̞ːbe̞]

Noun edit

髑髏(されこうべ) • (sarekōbe) ^{←されかうべ (sarekaube)^?}
(alternative reading hiragana しゃれこうべ, rōmaji sharekōbe, historical hiragana しやれかうべ)
(alternative reading hiragana しゃりこうべ, rōmaji sharikōbe, historical hiragana しやりかうべ)

a weathered clean skull

Synonyms edit

Basic sense of skull:

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-4] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJS-5] Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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