See also: 🈳
U+7A7A, 空
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A

[U+7A79]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7A7B]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 116, +3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition )

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 863, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2719, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7A7A

Chinese edit

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms 𠀝
𫞹
𰁕
𢦉

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
 

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic (cave, hole) + phonetic (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (hole; orifice; inner part). (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, hole), Jingpho ladi hku (nostril), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, hole), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, cavity), Naxi ko³³ (cave; hole; pit) (STEDT).

Pronunciation 1 edit


Note:
  • kĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • kŭng - literary.
Note:
  • khang - vernacular;
  • khong - literary.
Note:
  • kang1 - vernacular;
  • kong1 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰuŋ²¹/
Jinan /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰuŋ²¹/
Xining /kʰuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kʰũn³¹/
Ürümqi /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /kʰoŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kʰoŋ³¹/
Hefei /kʰəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /kʰuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Wenzhou /kʰoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /kʰan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kʰuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ⁵³/
Nanning /huŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /huŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/
/kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰøyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔŋ⁵⁴/
/kɔŋ³³/ ~闲
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰoŋ³³/
/kʰaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xoŋ²³/
/xaŋ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter khuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰəwŋ/
Li
Rong
/kʰuŋ/
Wang
Li
/kʰuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hung1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
kōng
Middle
Chinese
‹ khuwng ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˁoŋ/
English hollow, empty; hole

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 4034
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːŋ/

Definitions edit

  1. empty; hollow; void
    箱子箱子  ―  Zhè xiāngzi shì kōng de.  ―  This box is empty.
    盒子 [MSC, trad.]
    盒子 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài hézi lǐ yǒu xiē kōng píng. [Pinyin]
    There are some empty bottles in the box.
  2. exhausted; emptied
  3. open; spacious; vast
  4. quiet and still; secluded
  5. lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
      ―  kōnghuà  ―  empty talk
  6. (Eastern Min) hungry
  7. air; sky; atmosphere
      ―  kōng  ―  air; atmosphere
      ―  tiānkōng  ―  the sky
      ―  hángkōng  ―  aviation
    調  ―  kōngtiáo  ―  air conditioning
  8. space; outer space; cosmos; universe
      ―  tàikōng  ―  outer space
      ―  kōngjiān  ―  space
  9. (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
  10. (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
  11. in vain; for nothing
  12. only (left, remain, etc.)
  13. to exhaust
  14. to miss the target
  15. (Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) hole; cavity
Synonyms edit
  • (empty):
  • (hungry):
  • (hole):

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit


Note: hung3 - rare.
Note:
  • káe̤ng - vernacular;
  • kóng - literary.
Note:
  • khòng - literary (including “zero”);
  • khàng - vernacular.
Note: kang3 - “zero”.

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (1)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter khuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰəwŋH/
Li
Rong
/kʰuŋH/
Wang
Li
/kʰuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hung3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 4045
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːŋs/

Definitions edit

  1. to make empty; to impoverish
  2. to leave empty; to leave blank
  3. vacant; unoccupied; available
    房間房间  ―  Yǒu kòng fángjiān ma?  ―  Is there any vacant room?
    位子 [MSC, trad.]
    位子 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge wèizǐ kòng zhe ma? [Pinyin]
    Is this seat available?
  4. spare time; free time; leisure
    今天  ―  Wǒ jīntiān yǒu kòng.  ―  I'm free today.
    下午 [MSC, trad.]
    下午 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ xiàwǔ yǒu kòng ma? [Pinyin]
    Are you free this afternoon?
    現在醫生 [MSC, trad.]
    现在医生 [MSC, simp.]
    Xiànzài yīshēng méi kòng. [Pinyin]
    The doctor is not available now.
  5. empty space; room
    進來 [MSC, trad.]
    进来 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài jǐ ge rén jìnlái xíng ma? Chē lǐ hái yǒu kòng ma? [Pinyin]
    Can you fit in another person? Is there room in the car?
  6. (of time) gap; interval; break
    Synonyms: 間隙间隙 (jiànxì), 間隔间隔
  7. chance; opportunity
  8. (Southern Min) zero
Synonyms edit
  • (zero):
  • (spare time):
  • (empty): (Cantonese)

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 3 edit


Definitions edit

  1. Alternative form of (kǒng, hole; cave; mouth)

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (くう) ()
  • Korean: 공(空) (gong)
  • Vietnamese: không ()

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
そら
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling

⟨so1ra⟩ → */sʷora//sora/

From Old Japanese, presumably from Proto-Japonic *sora.

Found in the Kojiki c. 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

(そら) (sora

  1. the sky
    Synonym: (ten)
Derived terms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
から
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Cognate with (kara, shell).[1]

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

(から) (kara

  1. something empty
    (から)(ばこ)karabakoempty box
  2. ineffectual
    (から)()karaburiin vain
  3. false
    (から)(げん)()karagenkifalse vigor, bravado
Derived terms edit

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
くう
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC khuwng|khuwngH).

The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

(くう) (

  1. empty air
  2. meaninglessness
  3. (Buddhism) sunyata: emptiness, vacuity, awareness, openness, thusness
  4. (Buddhism) void: one of the 五大 (godai, literally great five) and the highest of the five elements
Derived terms edit

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
うろ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry: うろ

(The following entry is uncreated: うろ.)

Etymology 5 edit

Kanji in this term
うつお
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry:

(The following entry is uncreated: .)

Etymology 6 edit

Kanji in this term
うつぼ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry: うつぼ

(The following entry is uncreated: うつぼ.)

References edit

  1. 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese (MC khuwng|khuwngH).

Hanja edit

Korean numbers (edit)
0 1  →  10  → 
    Native isol.: (slang) (ppang)
    Sino-Korean: (yeong), (ryeong), (as digit, not number) (gong)
    Hanja: ,
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (bil gong))

  1. Hanja form? of (empty; void).
  2. Hanja form? of (sky; air).
  3. Hanja form? of (zero).

Compounds edit

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Okinawan edit

Kanji edit

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
すら
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Borrowed from Japanese (sora) (or more exactly, an earlier form of it).

As remarked by Igarashi (2022),[1] the inherited meaning of this term in Ryukyuan languages is not "sky", but "treetop".

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

(すら) (sura

  1. (literary) the sky, heavens

References edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

: Hán Việt readings: không ((khô)(công)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of không (empty; void).
  2. chữ Hán form of không (air; sky).
  3. chữ Hán form of không (zero; none).

Compounds edit

References edit