See also: and
U+4FAF, 侯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF

[U+4FAE]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4FB0]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 9, +7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿱⿱𠃍 or ⿱⿱)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
  • Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FAF

Chinese edit

trad.
simp. #
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms ancient form
𥎦 ancient form
𬾗 historical variant
𬾃 historical variant
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       




References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

Etymology edit

"target" > "prince, marquis"
(OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017)[1], Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, to be raised up, clearly visible), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, to hit (squarely)).
When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are (OC *ɡoːs) & (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
"to be; to have"
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (to have, to be) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (to get, to possess); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (to have).

Pronunciation 1 edit


Note:
  • hô͘/hiô - literary (incl. surname in Xiamen and Zhangzhou);
  • kâu - vernacular (incl. surname, dated in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • hâu - vernacular (incl. surname in Quanzhou and Taiwan).
Note:
  • hou5 - all senses (incl. surname);
  • gao5 - surname.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /xou³⁵/
    Harbin /xou²⁴/
    Tianjin /xou⁴⁵/
    Jinan /xou⁴²/
    Qingdao /xou⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xou⁴²/
    Xi'an /xou²⁴/
    Xining /xɯ²⁴/
    Yinchuan /xəu⁵³/
    Lanzhou /xou⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xɤu⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xəu²¹³/
    Chengdu /xəu³¹/
    Guiyang /xəu²¹/
    Kunming /xəu³¹/
    Nanjing /xəɯ²⁴/
    Hefei /xɯ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xəu¹¹/
    Pingyao /xəu¹³/
    Hohhot /xəu³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦɤ²³/
    Suzhou /ɦɤ¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦei²¹³/
    Wenzhou /ɦau³¹/
    Hui Shexian /xiu⁴⁴/
    Tunxi
    Xiang Changsha /xəu¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɦəɯ¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /hɛu²⁴/
    Hakka Meixian /heu¹¹/
    Taoyuan /heu¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐu²¹/
    Nanning /hɐu²¹/
    Hong Kong /hɐu²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
    /kau³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛu⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /e²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /hou⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔu³¹/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (33)
    Final () (137)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter huw
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɦəu/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɦəu/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ɣəu/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ɦəw/
    Li
    Rong
    /ɣu/
    Wang
    Li
    /ɣəu/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ɣə̯u/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    hóu
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    hau4
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    hóu
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ huw ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o/
    English feudal lord

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5139
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ɡoː/
    Notes

    Definitions edit

    1. marquis; lord
    2. (obsolete) target
    3. (obsolete) to be, to have
    4. a surname
        ―  Hóu Xiàoxián  ―  Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (こう) (, marquess)
    • Korean: 후(侯) (hu, marquess)
    • Vietnamese: hầu (, marquess)

    Others:

    Pronunciation 2 edit


    Note:
    • hô͘ - literary (common);
    • hō͘ - literary (rare);
    • hāu - vernacular (rare).

    Definitions edit

    1. Only used in 閩侯闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. marquis
    2. lord
    3. daimyo

    Readings edit

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC huw).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 제후 (jehu hu))

    1. Hanja form? of (marquis; lord).
    2. Hanja form? of (target in archery).

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: hậu, hầu

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References edit