Wiktionary

侯

See also: 候 and 矦
侯 U+4FAF, 侯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FAF
← 侮
[U+4FAE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侰 →
[U+4FB0]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

侯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰亻⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰亻⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
  • Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FAF

Chinese edit

trad. 侯
simp. # 侯
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms 矦 ancient form
𥎦 ancient form
𬾗 historical variant
𬾃 historical variant
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 侯
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Oracle bone script
 

j13283

 

j13284

 

j13285

 

j13286

 

j13287

 

j13288

 

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j13299

 

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j13301

 

j13302

 

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j13305

 

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j13307

 

j13308

 

j13309

 

j13310

 

j13311

 

j13312

 

j13313

 

j13314

 

j13315

 

j13316

 

j13317

 

j13318

 

j13319

 

j13320

 

j13321

 

j13322

 

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j13324

 

j13325

 

j13326

 

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j13330

 

j13331

 

j13332

 

j13333

 

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j13340

 

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j13349

 

j13350

 

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j13352

 

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j13354

 

j13355

 

j13356

 

j13357

 

j13358

 

j13359

 

j13360

 

j13361

 

j13362

 

j13363

 

j13364

Bronze inscriptions
 

b08167

 

b08168

 

b08169

 

b08170

 

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b08248

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L33678

 

L33679

 

L33680

 

L33681

 

L33682

 

L33683

 

L33684

 

L33685

 

L33686

 

L33687

 

L33688

 

L12079

 

L12080

 

L12081

 

L12082

 

L12083

 

L12084

 

L12085

 

L12086

 

L12087

 

L12088

 

L12089

 

L12090

 

L12091

 

L12092

 

L12093

 

L12094

 

L12095

 

L12096

 

L12097

 

L12098

 

L12099

 

L12100

 

L12101

 

L12102

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
緱 *koː, *koː
侯 *ɡoː
喉 *ɡoː
猴 *ɡoː
瘊 *ɡoː
篌 *ɡoː
糇 *ɡoː
帿 *ɡoː
睺 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦 *ɡoː
餱 *ɡoː
翭 *ɡoː
葔 *ɡoː
鄇 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸 *ɡoː
候 *ɡoːs
堠 *ɡoːs

Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.

Etymology edit

"target" > "prince, marquis"
侯 (OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017)[1], Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to 鍭 (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”).
When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
"to be; to have"
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (“to have, to be”) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (“to get, to possess”); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (“to have”).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note:
  • hô͘/hiô - literary (incl. surname in Xiamen and Zhangzhou);
  • kâu - vernacular (incl. surname, dated in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • hâu - vernacular (incl. surname in Quanzhou and Taiwan).
Note:
  • hou5 - all senses (incl. surname);
  • gao5 - surname.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 侯
Mandarin Beijing /xou³⁵/
Harbin /xou²⁴/
Tianjin /xou⁴⁵/
Jinan /xou⁴²/
Qingdao /xou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xou⁴²/
Xi'an /xou²⁴/
Xining /xɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /xəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /xou⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /xəu²¹³/
Chengdu /xəu³¹/
Guiyang /xəu²¹/
Kunming /xəu³¹/
Nanjing /xəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /xɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəu¹¹/
Pingyao /xəu¹³/
Hohhot /xəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦɤ²³/
Suzhou /ɦɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦei²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦau³¹/
Hui Shexian /xiu⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /xəu¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /hɛu²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /heu¹¹/
Taoyuan /heu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐu²¹/
Nanning /hɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /hɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
/kau³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /e²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hou⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔu³¹/
Rime
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 侯 (137)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸鉤切
Baxter huw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦəu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəw/
Li
Rong 		/ɣu/
Wang
Li 		/ɣəu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hóu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o/
English feudal lord

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 侯
Reading # 1/1
No. 5139
Phonetic
component 		侯
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoː/
Notes 矦隸變

Definitions edit

侯

  1. marquis; lord
  2. (obsolete) target
  3. (obsolete) to be, to have
  4. a surname
    侯孝賢／侯孝贤  ―  Hóu Xiàoxián  ―  Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (侯):
  • → Japanese: 侯(こう) (kō, “marquess”)
  • → Korean: 후(侯) (hu, “marquess”)
  • → Vietnamese: hầu (侯, “marquess”)

Others:

Pronunciation 2 edit

Note:
  • hô͘ - literary (common);
  • hō͘ - literary (rare);
  • hāu - vernacular (rare).

Definitions edit

侯

  1. Only used in 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu).

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

侯

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. marquis
  2. lord
  3. daimyo

Readings edit

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 侯 (MC huw).

Historical readings

Pronunciation edit

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

侯 (eumhun 제후 후 (jehu hu))

  1. Hanja form? of 후 (“marquis; lord”).
  2. Hanja form? of 후 (“target in archery”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

侯: Hán Nôm readings: hậu, hầu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

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