- Verb are lemmatized under the first infinitive form, the standard dictionary form for Finnish verbs.
- First infinitives cause gemination at the end of the word (marked by /ˣ/, usually but not necessarily manifesting as a glottal stop; see Wikipedia for more), but this does not necessarily apply to other forms; it does not, for instance, apply to third-person singular present indicative forms, even if the spelling is identical (as they are for some types of verbs).
Personal verb formsEdit
IndicativeEdit
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajan |
I drive |
ajat |
you (sg.) drive |
ajaa |
he/she/it drives
|
| past |
ajoin |
I drove |
ajoit |
you (sg.) drove |
ajoi |
he/she/it drove
|
| perfect |
olen ajanut |
I have driven |
olet ajanut |
you (sg.) have driven |
on ajanut |
he/she/it has driven
|
| pluperfect |
olin ajanut |
I had driven |
olit ajanut |
you (sg.) had driven |
oli ajanut |
he/she/it had driven
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
en aja |
I do not drive |
et aja |
you (sg.) do not drive |
ei aja |
he/she/it does not drive
|
| past |
en ajanut |
I did not drive |
et ajanut |
you (sg.) did not drive |
ei ajanut |
he/she/it did not drive
|
| perfect |
en ole ajanut |
I have not driven |
et ole ajanut |
you (sg.) have not driven |
ei ole ajanut |
he/she/it has not driven
|
| pluperfect |
en ollut ajanut |
I had not driven |
et ollut ajanut |
you (sg.) had not driven |
ei ollut ajanut |
he/she/it had not driven
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajamme |
we drive |
ajatte |
you (pl.) drive |
ajavat |
they drive
|
| past |
ajoimme |
we drove |
ajoitte |
you (pl.) drove |
ajoivat |
they drove
|
| perfect |
olemme ajaneet |
we have driven |
olette ajaneet |
you (pl.) have driven |
ovat ajaneet |
they have driven
|
| pluperfect |
olimme ajaneet |
we had driven |
olitte ajaneet |
you (pl.) had driven |
olivat ajaneet |
they had driven
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
emme aja |
we do not drive |
ette aja |
you (pl.) do not drive |
eivät aja |
they drive
|
| past |
emme ajaneet |
we did not drive |
ette ajaneet |
you (pl.) did not drive |
eivät ajaneet |
they drove
|
| perfect |
emme ole ajaneet |
we have not driven |
ette ole ajaneet |
you (pl.) have not driven |
eivät ole ajaneet |
they have not driven
|
| pluperfect |
emme olleet ajaneet |
we had not driven |
ette olleet ajaneet |
you (pl.) had not driven |
eivät olleet ajaneet |
they had not driven
|
ImpersonalEdit
In colloquial language, the impersonal (or "passive") form has almost completely replaced the first-person plural form: me ajamme → me ajetaan.
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ajetaan |
is (being) driven
|
| past |
ajettiin |
was (being) driven
|
| perfect |
on ajettu |
has been driven
|
| pluperfect |
oli ajettu |
had been driven
|
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ei ajeta |
is not (being) driven
|
| past |
ei ajettu |
was not (being) driven
|
| perfect |
ei ole ajettu1 |
has not been driven
|
| pluperfect |
ei ollut ajettu2 |
had not been driven
|
1 The non-standard "double passive" ei olla ajettu (passive voice ei olla + passive past part. ajettu) is common in colloquial speech.
2 The non-standard "double passive" ei oltu ajettu (passive voice ei oltu + passive past part. ajettu) is common in colloquial speech.
ConditionalEdit
Corresponds to English would (and could): ajaisin jos voisin: I would drive if I could.
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajaisin |
I would drive |
ajaisit1 |
you would drive |
ajaisi |
he/she/it would drive
|
| perfect |
olisin ajanut |
I would have driven |
olisit ajanut |
you would have driven |
olisi ajanut |
he/she/it would have driven
|
1 Combined with the enclitic suffix -ko/-kö used in polite requests: Ajaisitko kovempaa?/Voisitko ajaa kovempaa? : Could you drive faster, please? or Haluaisin kupin kahvia. : I would like a cup of coffee.
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
en ajaisi |
I would not drive |
et ajaisi |
you would not drive |
ei ajaisi |
he/she/it would not drive
|
| perfect |
en olisi ajanut |
I would not have driven |
et olisi ajanut |
you would not have driven |
ei olisi ajanut |
he/she/it would not have driven
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajaisimme |
we would drive |
ajaisitte |
you would drive |
ajaisivat |
they would drive
|
| perfect |
olisimme ajaneet |
we would have driven |
olisitte ajaneet |
you would have driven |
olisivat ajaneet |
they would have driven
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
emme ajaisi |
we would not drive |
ette ajaisi |
you would not drive |
eivät ajaisi |
they would not drive
|
| perfect |
emme olisi ajaneet |
we would not have driven |
ette olisi ajaneet |
you would not have driven |
eivät olisi ajaneet |
they would not have driven
|
ImpersonalEdit
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ajettaisiin |
would be driven
|
| perfect |
olisi ajettu |
would have been driven
|
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ei ajettaisi |
would not be driven
|
| perfect |
ei olisi ajettu |
would not have been driven
|
ImperativeEdit
Used to express commands. In addition, the third-person imperative is colloquially used to express disregard for what one might do.
Note that imperative connegative forms ending in -ko, -kö should not be confused with the (interrogative) clitic -ko.
First-person singular forms do not exist.
|
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
aja |
drive! |
ajakoon |
|
| perfect |
ole ajanut |
have driven! |
olkoon ajanut |
|
|
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
älä aja |
do not drive! |
älköön ajako |
|
| perfect |
älä ole ajanut |
|
älköön olko ajanut |
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajakaamme |
|
ajakaa |
|
ajakoot |
|
| perfect |
olkaamme ajaneet |
|
olkaa ajaneet |
|
olkoot ajaneet |
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
älkäämme ajako |
|
älkää ajako |
|
älkööt ajako |
|
| perfect |
älkäämme olko ajaneet |
|
älkää olko ajaneet |
|
älkööt olko ajaneet |
|
ImpersonalEdit
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ajettakoon |
|
| perfect |
olkoon ajettu |
|
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
älköön ajettako |
|
| perfect |
älköön olko ajettu |
|
PotentialEdit
Corresponds to English may, probably, it is possible that etc. Rare in colloquial language, where adverbs like kai, luultavasti, ehkä etc. are used instead: lienee ajanut: on kai ajanut.
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajanen |
I probably drive |
ajanet |
you probably drive |
ajanee |
he/she/it probably drives
|
| perfect |
lienen ajanut |
I probably have driven |
lienet ajanut |
you probably have driven |
lienee ajanut |
he/she/it probably has driven
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
en ajane |
|
et ajane |
|
ei ajane |
|
| perfect |
en liene ajanut |
|
et liene ajanut |
|
ei liene ajanut |
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajanemme |
|
ajanette |
|
ajanevat |
|
| perfect |
lienemme ajaneet |
|
lienette ajaneet |
|
lienevät ajaneet |
|
|
first |
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
emme ajane |
|
ette ajane |
|
eivät ajane |
|
| perfect |
emme liene ajaneet |
|
ette liene ajaneet |
|
eivät liene ajaneet |
|
ImpersonalEdit
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ajettaneen |
|
| perfect |
lienee ajettu |
|
|
impersonal
|
|---|
| present |
ei ajettane |
|
| perfect |
ei liene ajettu |
|
Similar to imperative. Poetic and archaic. Only a few personal forms are used; third-person forms coincide with those of the imperative mood.
|
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajaos |
|
ajakoon |
|
| perfect |
ollos ajanut |
|
olkoon ajanut |
|
|
second |
third
|
|---|
| present |
ällös aja |
|
älköön ajako |
|
| perfect |
ällös ollo ajanut |
|
älköön olko ajanut |
|
|
third
|
|---|
| present |
ajakoot |
|
| perfect |
olkoot ajanut |
|
|
third
|
|---|
| present |
älkööt ajako |
|
| perfect |
älkööt olko ajanut |
|
Combination of conditional and potential: ajan (I drive) → ajaneisin (I probably would drive). Rare and poetic; used in the Finnish national epic Kalevala.
Nominal verb formsEdit
InfinitivesEdit
| infinitive |
voice |
case |
form |
(approximate) translation |
notes
|
|---|
| I |
– |
ajaa |
to drive
|
| I (long)1 |
– |
ajaakseni |
For the purpose of me driving, in order for me to drive |
|
| – |
ajaaksesi |
for the purpose of you driving, in order for you to drive (singular) |
|
| – |
ajaakseen |
for the purpose of him/her driving, in order for him/her to drive |
|
| – |
ajaaksensa
|
| – |
ajaaksemme |
for the purpose of us driving, in order for us to drive |
|
| – |
ajaaksenne |
for the purpose of you driving, in order for you to drive (plural) |
|
| – |
ajaakseen |
for the purpose of them driving, in order for them to drive |
|
| – |
ajaaksensa
|
| II |
active |
inessive |
ajaessa |
when/while driving, as one is driving/as one drives |
subject in the genitive case, (possible) object in the partitive case
|
| instructive |
ajaen3 |
while/by driving |
used as part of a larger verb phrase, so the subject is not directly mentioned. (possible) object in the partitive case
|
| passive |
inessive |
ajettaessa |
when one drives X; when sb/sth is being driven |
(possible) object in the partitive case
|
| III |
active |
inessive |
ajamassa |
olin ajamassa: I was driving |
most often used with olla
|
| elative |
ajamasta |
lakkasin ajamasta: I stopped driving |
most often used with tulla ("to come from doing X") or with verbs of stopping or ceasing
|
| illative |
ajamaan |
lähdin ajamaan: I began driving, I went to drive |
most often used with mennä (“to go”), lähteä (“to begin, go”) or with verbs of starting or beginning
|
| adessive |
ajamalla |
by driving |
object in accusative or partitive
|
| abessive |
ajamatta |
without driving; olin ajamatta viikon: I did not drive for a week, tein sen ajamatta: I did it without driving
|
| instructive |
ajaman |
sinun on ajaman: you must drive |
dated
|
| passive |
instructive |
ajettaman |
tätä autoa on ajettaman: one has to drive this car |
dated
|
| IV |
– |
nominative |
ajaminen2 |
sinun on ajaminen: you must drive |
dated
|
| – |
partitive |
ajamista4 |
sinne ei ole ajamista: one must not drive there |
dated
|
| V1 |
– |
ajamaisillani |
olin ajamaisillani: I was about to drive |
literary
|
| – |
ajamaisillasi |
...you were about to drive (singular) |
literary
|
| – |
ajamaisillaan |
...he/she was about to drive |
literary
|
| – |
ajamaisillansa
|
| – |
ajamaisillamme |
...we were about to drive |
literary
|
| – |
ajamaisillanne |
...you were about to drive (plural) |
literary
|
| – |
ajamaisillaan |
...they were about to drive |
literary
|
| – |
ajamaisillansa
|
- 1 Always contains a personal/possessive suffix.
- 2 Do not confuse with verbal nouns constructed with the suffix -minen: ajaminen (“driving”, a gerund), with which the nominative and partitive (singular) forms align.
- 3 Also used with a possessive suffix with a modal sense ("as one X"), although this use is now quite formal.
- Tein sen tieteni. ― I did it knowingly (as I knew).
- 4 Also used with a possessive suffix and with the same verb in a finite form to mean that something is being done continuously/for a long time:
- Hän ajoi ajamistaan. ― He drove and drove.
ParticiplesEdit
All participles can be inflected and used like adjectives. Many participles are in fact used as independent adjectives: syötävä: edible, kuollut: dead etc.
Active present participleEdit
Corresponds to English -ing before a noun: kovaa ajava auto: fast driving car. The construct on + active present participle corresponds to English "shall" in poetic sense: hän on huomenna ajava autoa : he shall drive the car tomorrow.
| case |
singular |
|
plural |
|
|---|
| nominative |
ajava |
|
ajavat |
|
| genitive |
ajavan |
|
ajavien |
|
| ajavain
|
| partitive |
ajavaa |
|
ajavia |
|
| accusative |
ajava |
|
ajavat |
|
| ajavan
|
| inessive |
ajavassa |
|
ajavissa |
|
| elative |
ajavasta |
|
ajavista |
|
| illative |
ajavaan |
|
ajaviin |
|
| adessive |
ajavalla |
|
ajavilla |
|
| ablative |
ajavalta |
|
ajavilta |
|
| allative |
ajavalle |
|
ajaville |
|
| essive |
ajavana |
|
ajavina |
|
| translative |
ajavaksi |
|
ajaviksi |
|
| instructive |
– |
ajavin |
|
| abessive |
ajavatta |
|
ajavitta |
|
| comitative |
– |
ajavine |
|
Passive present participleEdit
Corresponds to English -able/-ible before noun: ajettava auto: drivable car. Also used in on + passive present participle to denote obligation: minun on ajettava autoa: I must drive the car.
| case |
singular |
|
plural |
|
|---|
| nominative |
ajettava |
|
ajettavat |
|
| genitive |
ajettavan |
|
ajettavien |
|
| ajettavain
|
| partitive |
ajettavaa |
|
ajettavia |
|
| accusative |
ajettava |
|
ajettavat |
|
| ajettavan
|
| inessive |
ajettavassa |
|
ajettavissa |
|
| elative |
ajettavasta |
|
ajettavista |
|
| illative |
ajettavaan |
|
ajettaviin |
|
| adessive |
ajettavalla |
|
ajettavilla |
|
| ablative |
ajettavalta |
|
ajettavilta |
|
| allative |
ajettavalle |
|
ajettaville |
|
| essive |
ajettavana |
|
ajettavina |
|
| translative |
ajettavaksi |
|
ajettaviksi |
|
| instructive |
– |
ajettavin |
|
| abessive |
ajettavatta |
|
ajettavitta |
|
| comitative |
– |
ajettavine |
|
Active past participleEdit
Used to build active compound tenses, corresponds to English past participle: olen ajanut: I have driven; ohitsemme ajanut auto kääntyi vasemmalle: the car that passed us turned left.
| case |
singular |
|
plural |
|
|---|
| nominative |
ajanut |
|
ajaneet |
|
| genitive |
ajaneen |
|
ajaneiden |
|
| ajaneitten
|
| partitive |
ajanutta |
|
ajaneita |
|
| accusative |
ajanut |
|
ajaneet |
|
| ajaneen
|
| inessive |
ajaneessa |
|
ajaneissa |
|
| elative |
ajaneesta |
|
ajaneista |
|
| illative |
ajaneeseen |
|
ajaneisiin |
|
| ajaneihin
|
| adessive |
ajaneella |
|
ajaneilla |
|
| ablative |
ajaneelta |
|
ajaneilta |
|
| allative |
ajaneelle |
|
ajaneille |
|
| essive |
ajaneena |
|
ajaneina |
|
| translative |
ajaneeksi |
|
ajaneiksi |
|
| instructive |
– |
ajanein |
|
| abessive |
ajaneetta |
|
ajaneitta |
|
| comitative |
– |
ajaneine |
|
Passive past participleEdit
Used to build passive compound tenses. When used as an adjective, corresponds to adjective-like English past participles.
tätä autoa on ajettu: this car has been driven
| case |
singular |
|
plural |
|
|---|
| nominative |
ajettu |
|
ajetut |
|
| genitive |
ajetun |
|
ajettujen |
|
| partitive |
ajettua |
|
ajettuja |
|
| accusative |
ajettu |
|
ajetut |
|
| ajetun
|
| inessive |
ajetussa |
|
ajetuissa |
|
| elative |
ajetusta |
|
ajetuista |
|
| illative |
ajettun |
|
ajettuihin |
|
| adessive |
ajetulla |
|
ajetuilla |
|
| ablative |
ajetulta |
|
ajetuilta |
|
| allative |
ajetulle |
|
ajetuille |
|
| essive |
ajettuna |
|
ajettuina |
|
| translative |
ajetuksi |
|
ajetuiksi |
|
| instructive |
– |
ajetuin |
|
| abessive |
ajetutta |
|
ajetuitta |
|
| comitative |
– |
ajettuine |
|
Agent participleEdit
Used to denote the object of action; usually with a possessive suffix: minun ajamani auto: the car I drove/have driven. Not used with all verbs.
| case |
singular |
|
plural |
|
|---|
| nominative |
ajama |
|
ajamat |
|
| genitive |
ajaman |
|
ajamien |
|
| ajamain
|
| partitive |
ajamaa |
|
ajamia |
|
| accusative |
ajama |
|
ajamat |
|
| ajaman
|
| inessive |
ajamassa |
|
ajamissa |
|
| elative |
ajamasta |
|
ajamista |
|
| illative |
ajamaan |
|
ajamiin |
|
| adessive |
ajamalla |
|
ajamilla |
|
| ablative |
ajamalta |
|
ajamilta |
|
| allative |
ajamalle |
|
ajamille |
|
| essive |
ajamana |
|
ajamina |
|
| translative |
ajamaksi |
|
ajamiksi |
|
| instructive |
– |
ajamin |
|
| abessive |
ajamatta |
|
ajamitta |
|
| comitative |
– |
ajamine |
|
Negative participleEdit
Negation of the other participles, corresponds to English un-/not + past participle.
| case |
singular |
|
plural |
|
|---|
| nominative |
ajamaton |
|
ajamattomat |
|
| genitive |
ajamattoman |
|
ajamattomien |
|
| ajamatonten
|
| partitive |
ajamatonta |
|
ajamattomia |
|
| accusative |
ajamaton |
|
ajamattomat |
|
| ajamattoman
|
| inessive |
ajamattomassa |
|
ajamattomissa |
|
| elative |
ajamattomasta |
|
ajamattomista |
|
| illative |
ajamattomaan |
|
ajamattomiin |
|
| adessive |
ajamattomalla |
|
ajamattomilla |
|
| ablative |
ajamattomalta |
|
ajamattomilta |
|
| allative |
ajamattomalle |
|
ajamattomille |
|
| essive |
ajamattomana |
|
ajamattomina |
|
| translative |
ajamattomaksi |
|
ajamattomiksi |
|
| instructive |
– |
ajamattomin |
|
| abessive |
ajamattomatta |
|
ajamattomitta |
|
| comitative |
– |
ajamattomine |
|
Negative verbsEdit
The verb ei is used to express negation. It inflects in person, number and mood (indicative or imperative); all forms are listed here. The indicative forms begin with e and express denial (you are not), while the imperative forms begin with ä and express prohibition (don't be!). ei does not have infinitive forms. It is also used to change the meaning of some pronouns, such as kukaan and mikään and adverbs, such as koskaan, ikinä, välttämättä.
