Wiktionary

-ko

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ko"

BasqueEdit

Alternative formsEdit

  • -eko (after consonants)
  • -go (see usage notes)

EtymologyEdit

Unknown.[1]

SuffixEdit

-ko

  1. Locative singular suffix.
    ‎etxe (“house”) + ‎-ko → ‎etxeko (“of the house, related to the house”)
  2. Noun-forming suffix with various functions.
    1. related to, near
      ‎gerri (“waist”) + ‎-ko → ‎gerriko (“belt”)
      ‎belarri (“ear”) + ‎-ko → ‎belarritako (“earring”)
    2. Forms words expressing a hit or strike
  3. After -z (instrumental case marker): made of
    ‎haritz (“oak”) + ‎-ko → ‎haritzezko (“oaken”)
  4. Forms the future tense.
    ‎egin (“to do”) + ‎-ko → ‎egingo (“will do”)

Usage notesEdit

  • The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions of in English and de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below.
    Bizkaiko mendiak ― the mountains of Biscay
    buruko mina ― headache (literally, “pain of the head”)
    eskolako jaialdia ― school festival
    Picassoren margolan bat ― a painting by Picasso
    Ilargiaren orbita ― the orbit of the Moon
    mutilaren argazkia ― the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy
  • Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form -eko with an epenthetic vowel.
    ‎hondartz (“beach”) + ‎-ko → ‎hondartzeko (“of the beach”).
  • Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form -go.
    ‎Madril (“Madrid”) + ‎-ko → ‎Madrilgo (“of Madrid”).

DeclensionEdit

Basque inflectional suffixes
indefinite singular plural proximal plural
absolutive -∅ -a -ak -ok
ergative -k, -ek -ak -ek
dative -ri, -i -ari -ei -oi
genitive -ren, -en -aren -en -on
comitative -rekin, -ekin -arekin -ekin -okin
causative -rengatik, -engatik -arengatik -engatik -ongatik
benefactive -rentzat, -entzat -arentzat -entzat -ontzat
instrumental -z, -ez -az -ez -oz
inessive anim. -rengan, -engan -arengan -engan -oengan
inanim. -tan, -etan -an -etan -otan
locative anim.
―
―
―
―
inanim. -tako, -etako -ko, -eko -etako -otako
allative anim. -rengana, -engana -arengana -engana -ongana
inanim. -tara, -etara -ra, -era -etara -otara
terminative anim. -renganaino, -enganaino -arenganaino -enganaino -onganaino
inanim. -taraino, -etaraino -raino, -eraino -etaraino -otaraino
directive anim. -renganantz, -enganantz -arenganantz -enganantz -onganantz
inanim. -tarantz, -etarantz -rantz, -erantz -etarantz -otarantz
destinative anim. -renganako, -enganako -arenganako -enganako -onganako
inanim. -tarako, -etarako -rako, -erako -etarako -otarako
ablative anim. -rengandik, -engandik -arengandik -engandik -ongandik
inanim. -tatik, -etatik -tik, -etik -etik -otik
partitive -rik, -ik
―
―
―
prolative -tzat
―
―
―
The forms shown first are used when the ending is a vowel, the ones after the comma when it is a consonant.

Derived termsEdit

Basque words suffixed with -ko

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ “-ko” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk

CzechEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ko n

  1. Forms diminutive nouns.
    ‎ef + ‎-ko → ‎efko
    ‎oko + ‎-ko → ‎očko
    ‎zrno + ‎-ko → ‎zrnko

Derived termsEdit

Czech words suffixed with -ko

See alsoEdit

Further readingEdit

  • -ko in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

FinnishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-.

CliticEdit

-ko (front vowel harmony variant -kö)

  1. (enclitic) Turns a clause interrogative. It is appended to the element of the clause that is questioned most. English equivalents include the normal ways of forming an interrogative statement without using an interrogative pronoun, such as the verb "do", inversion of the word order and intonation.
    Onko hän täällä? (on > + -ko)
    Is s/he here?
    Täälläkö hän on? (täällä + -kö)
    Is s/he here?
    Tuleeko hän laivalla? (tulee > + -ko)
    Is she coming by the ship?
    Millä sitten - veneelläkö? (veneellä + -kö)
    By what, then - on the boat?
    Näkeekö hän? (näkee > + -kö)
    Does s/he see?
    Pitäisikö hänen tulla tänne? (pitäisi > + -kö)
    Should s/he come here?
  2. (enclitic) In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English.
    En tiedä, tuleeko hän.
    I don't know if she comes.
    En tiedä, näkeekö hän.
    I don't know if she sees.
  3. (enclitic) With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if".
    Pukeutuikohan hän tarpeeksi lämpimästi tänä aamuna?
    I wonder if he put enough clothes on this morning.
    Meniköhän hän kouluun tänä aamuna?
    I wonder if he went to school this morning.
  4. (enclitic) With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose".
    Emmeköhän me jotenkuten tule toimeen.
    I suppose we'll get by somehow.
  5. (enclitic, colloquial) In a question with an interrogative word.
    Olikko millon tulossa käymään?
    When are you coming by here?

Usage notesEdit

  • (interrogative particle): The particle -ko/-kö is used when there is no other interrogative word, in both direct and indirect questions. The answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative.
  • (interrogative particle): The word with this particle will usually move to the beginning of the clause (see the usage examples).
  • (I wonder if): Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is an interrogative sentence in Finnish, so it ends with a question mark.

SynonymsEdit

  • -ks (colloquial)

See alsoEdit

GaroEdit

EtymologyEdit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

SuffixEdit

-ko

  1. (inflectional suffix) forms the accusative case

See alsoEdit

  • -ni (“forms genitive”)
  • -na (“forms dative”)
  • -chi (“forms instrumental”)
  • -no (“forms locative”)

HadzaEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ko

  1. a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense)

Related termsEdit

Lower SorbianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Slavic *-ъko.

SuffixEdit

-ko n

  1. added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive

Derived termsEdit

Lower Sorbian words suffixed with -ko

MakasarEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu

PronounEdit

-ko (absolutive enclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨚ)

  1. you (familiar second person singualr and plural)

See alsoEdit

Makasar free and bound pronouns
Independent Absolutive Nominative Possessive
1st sg / 1st pl excl nakke -a' ku- -ku
1st pl excl (archaic) kambe -kang ki- -mang
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite katte -ki' ki- -ta
2nd sg / pl familiar kau -ko nu- -nu
3rd sg / pl ia -i na- -na

Murui HuitotoEdit

PronunciationEdit

ClassifierEdit

-ko

  1. Classifier for objects that give cover.
  2. Classifier for spherical containers.

ReferencesEdit

  • Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 195-196

NupeEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-kó

  1. Used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something.
    ‎èsá (“stool”) + ‎-ko → ‎èsákó (“table”)
    ‎yàbà (“banana”) + ‎-ko → ‎yàbàkó (“plantain”)
    ‎ǹdá (“father”) + ‎-ko → ‎ǹdákó (“grandfather”)
    ‎bànban (“river bank”) + ‎-ko → ‎bànbankó (“cliff”)
    ‎tákùn (“rock”) + ‎-ko → ‎tákùnkó (“large rock”)


  1. Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs.
    ‎wáncí (“to be large”) + ‎-ko → ‎wáncíkó (“the largest”)
    ‎pàrà (“to be wide”) + ‎-ko → ‎pàràkó (“the widest”)

Further readingEdit

  • Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012

PolishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /kɔ/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɔ
  • Syllabification: ko

SuffixEdit

-ko n

  1. Diminutive suffix for neuter nouns. May cause various vowel shifts
    ‎słowo + ‎-ko → ‎słówko

DeclensionEdit

Declension of -ko
singular plural
nominative -ko -ka
genitive -ka -k/-ek
dative -ku -kom
accusative -ko -ka
instrumental -kiem -kami
locative -ku -kach
vocative -ko -ka

Derived termsEdit

Polish words suffixed with -ko

Further readingEdit

  • -ko in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • -ko in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-CroatianEdit

SuffixEdit

-ko (Cyrillic spelling -ко)

  1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, most likely to make diminutive. Usually used to make names, or nicknames denoting a negative feature.
    ‎dar + ‎-ko → ‎Darko
    ‎Jano + ‎-ko → ‎Janko
    ‎debeo + ‎-ko → ‎debeljko (“fatty (meant as an insult)”)

SlovakEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-ko n

  1. Diminutive suffix for neuter nouns

DeclensionEdit

Declension of -ko
singular plural
nominative -ko -ká, -ka
genitive -ka -iek, -ok
dative -ku -kám, -kam
accusative -ko -ká, -ka
locative -ku -kách, -kach
instrumental -kom -kami

Derived termsEdit

Slovak words suffixed with -ko
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