-ko
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ko"
BasqueEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
Unknown.[1]
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ko
- Locative singular suffix.
- Noun-forming suffix with various functions.
- After -z (instrumental case marker): made of
- haritz (“oak”) + -ko → haritzezko (“oaken”)
- Forms the future tense.
Usage notesEdit
- The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions of in English and de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below.
- Bizkaiko mendiak ― the mountains of Biscay
- buruko mina ― headache (literally, “pain of the head”)
- eskolako jaialdia ― school festival
- Picassoren margolan bat ― a painting by Picasso
- Ilargiaren orbita ― the orbit of the Moon
- mutilaren argazkia ― the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy
- Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form -eko with an epenthetic vowel.
- hondartz (“beach”) + -ko → hondartzeko (“of the beach”).
- Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form -go.
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ “-ko” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
CzechEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ko n
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Further readingEdit
- -ko in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-.
CliticEdit
-ko (front vowel harmony variant -kö)
- (enclitic) Turns a clause interrogative. It is appended to the element of the clause that is questioned most. English equivalents include the normal ways of forming an interrogative statement without using an interrogative pronoun, such as the verb "do", inversion of the word order and intonation.
- Onko hän täällä? (on > + -ko)
- Is s/he here?
- Täälläkö hän on? (täällä + -kö)
- Is s/he here?
- Tuleeko hän laivalla? (tulee > + -ko)
- Is she coming by the ship?
- Millä sitten - veneelläkö? (veneellä + -kö)
- By what, then - on the boat?
- Pitäisikö hänen tulla tänne? (pitäisi > + -kö)
- Should s/he come here?
- (enclitic) In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English.
- En tiedä, tuleeko hän.
- I don't know if she comes.
- (enclitic) With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if".
- (enclitic) With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose".
- (enclitic, colloquial) In a question with an interrogative word.
Usage notesEdit
- (interrogative particle): The particle -ko/-kö is used when there is no other interrogative word, in both direct and indirect questions. The answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative.
- (interrogative particle): The word with this particle will usually move to the beginning of the clause (see the usage examples).
- (I wonder if): Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is an interrogative sentence in Finnish, so it ends with a question mark.
SynonymsEdit
- -ks (colloquial)
See alsoEdit
GaroEdit
EtymologyEdit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-ko
- (inflectional suffix) forms the accusative case
See alsoEdit
HadzaEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ko
- a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense)
Related termsEdit
IngrianEdit
PronunciationEdit
CliticEdit
-ko (front-vowel variant -kö)
- Alternative form of -k
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:
- Töö-ko meille avita.
- Come help us.
ReferencesEdit
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 178
Lower SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъko.
SuffixEdit
-ko n
- added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive
Derived termsEdit
MakasarEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu.
PronounEdit
-ko (absolutive enclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨚ)
- you (familiar second person singualr and plural)
See alsoEdit
Murui HuitotoEdit
PronunciationEdit
ClassifierEdit
-ko
- Classifier for objects that give cover.
- Classifier for spherical containers.
ReferencesEdit
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 195-196
NupeEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-kó
- augmentative suffix; used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something.
- Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs.
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012
PolishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ko n
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -ko
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
Serbo-CroatianEdit
SuffixEdit
-ko (Cyrillic spelling -ко)
SlovakEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ko n
- Diminutive suffix for neuter nouns
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -ko