-ko

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ko"

Basque

Alternative forms

• -eko (after consonants)
• -go (see usage notes)

Etymology

Unknown.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ko/, [ko̞]

Suffix

-ko

1. Locative singular suffix.

   ‎etxe (“house”) + ‎-ko → ‎etxeko (“of the house, related to the house”)

2. Noun-forming suffix with various functions.
   1. related to, near

      ‎gerri (“waist”) + ‎-ko → ‎gerriko (“belt”)

      ‎belarri (“ear”) + ‎-ko → ‎belarritako (“earring”)

   2. Forms words expressing a hit or strike
3. After -z (instrumental case marker): made of

   ‎haritz (“oak”) + ‎-ko → ‎haritzezko (“oaken”)

4. Forms the future tense.

   ‎egin (“to do”) + ‎-ko → ‎egingo (“will do”)

Usage notes

• The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions of in English and de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below.

  Bizkaiko mendiak ― the mountains of Biscay

  buruko mina ― headache (literally, “pain of the head”)

  eskolako jaialdia ― school festival

  Picassoren margolan bat ― a painting by Picasso

  Ilargiaren orbita ― the orbit of the Moon

  mutilaren argazkia ― the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy

• Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form -eko with an epenthetic vowel.

  ‎hondartz (“beach”) + ‎-ko → ‎hondartzeko (“of the beach”).

• Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form -go.

  ‎Madril (“Madrid”) + ‎-ko → ‎Madrilgo (“of Madrid”).

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-k, -ek	-ak	-ek
dative		-ri, -i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-ren, -en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-rekin, -ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-rengatik, -engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-rentzat, -entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-z, -ez	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-rengan, -engan	-arengan	-engan	-oengan
	inanim.	-tan, -etan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-tako, -etako	-ko, -eko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-rengana, -engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-tara, -etara	-ra, -era	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-renganaino, -enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-taraino, -etaraino	-raino, -eraino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-renganantz, -enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-tarantz, -etarantz	-rantz, -erantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-renganako, -enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-tarako, -etarako	-rako, -erako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-rengandik, -engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-tatik, -etatik	-tik, -etik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-rik, -ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―
The forms shown first are used when the ending is a vowel, the ones after the comma when it is a consonant.

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -ko

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈko]

Suffix

-ko n

1. Forms diminutive nouns.

   ‎ef + ‎-ko → ‎efko

   ‎oko + ‎-ko → ‎očko

   ‎zrno + ‎-ko → ‎zrnko

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ko

See also

• -átko
• -čko
• -íčko

Further reading

• -ko in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-.

Clitic

-ko (front vowel harmony variant -kö)

1. (enclitic) Turns a clause interrogative. It is appended to the element of the clause that is questioned most. English equivalents include the normal ways of forming an interrogative statement without using an interrogative pronoun, such as the verb "do", inversion of the word order and intonation.

   Onko hän täällä? (on > + -ko)

   Is s/he here?

   Täälläkö hän on? (täällä + -kö)

   Is s/he here?

   Tuleeko hän laivalla? (tulee > + -ko)

   Is she coming by the ship?

   Millä sitten - veneelläkö? (veneellä + -kö)

   By what, then - on the boat?

   Näkeekö hän? (näkee > + -kö)

   Does s/he see?

   Pitäisikö hänen tulla tänne? (pitäisi > + -kö)

   Should s/he come here?

2. (enclitic) In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English.

   En tiedä, tuleeko hän.

   I don't know if she comes.

   En tiedä, näkeekö hän.

   I don't know if she sees.

3. (enclitic) With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if".

   Pukeutuikohan hän tarpeeksi lämpimästi tänä aamuna?

   I wonder if he put enough clothes on this morning.

   Meniköhän hän kouluun tänä aamuna?

   I wonder if he went to school this morning.

4. (enclitic) With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose".

   Emmeköhän me jotenkuten tule toimeen.

   I suppose we'll get by somehow.

5. (enclitic, colloquial) In a question with an interrogative word.

   Olikko millon tulossa käymään?

   When are you coming by here?

Usage notes

• (interrogative particle): The particle -ko/-kö is used when there is no other interrogative word, in both direct and indirect questions. The answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative.
• (interrogative particle): The word with this particle will usually move to the beginning of the clause (see the usage examples).
• (I wonder if): Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is an interrogative sentence in Finnish, so it ends with a question mark.

Synonyms

• -ks (colloquial)

See also

• -kin
• -kaan/-kään
• -han/-hän
• -kö (the same particle in words with front vowel harmony)
• -pa/-pä
• -s

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ko

1. (inflectional suffix) forms the accusative case

See also

• -ni (“forms genitive”)
• -na (“forms dative”)
• -chi (“forms instrumental”)
• -no (“forms locative”)

Hadza

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ko/

Suffix

-ko

1. a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense)

Related terms

• -hako

Ingrian

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ko/, [-ko̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-ko/, [-ko̞]

Clitic

-ko (front-vowel variant -kö)

1. Alternative form of -k
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:

     Töö-ko meille avita.

     Come help us.

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 178

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ъko.

Suffix

-ko n

1. added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -ko

Makasar

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu.

Pronoun

-ko (absolutive enclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨚ)

1. you (familiar second person singualr and plural)

See also

Makasar free and bound pronouns

	Independent	Absolutive	Nominative	Possessive
1st sg / 1st pl excl	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1st pl excl (archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1st pl incl / 2nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2nd sg / pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3rd sg / pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɔ]

Classifier

-ko

1. Classifier for objects that give cover.
2. Classifier for spherical containers.

References

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 195-196

Nupe

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kó/

Suffix

-kó

1. augmentative suffix; used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something.

   Antonym: -gi

   ‎èsá (“stool”) + ‎-ko → ‎èsákó (“table”)

   ‎yàbà (“banana”) + ‎-ko → ‎yàbàkó (“plantain”)

   ‎ǹdá (“father”) + ‎-ko → ‎ǹdákó (“grandfather”)

   ‎bànban (“river bank”) + ‎-ko → ‎bànbankó (“cliff”)

   ‎tákùn (“rock”) + ‎-ko → ‎tákùnkó (“large rock”)

1. Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs.

   ‎wáncí (“to be large”) + ‎-ko → ‎wáncíkó (“the largest”)

   ‎pàrà (“to be wide”) + ‎-ko → ‎pàràkó (“the widest”)

Derived terms

Nupe terms suffixed with -ko

Further reading

• Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012

Polish

Alternative forms

• -ka, -ek

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔ/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: ko

Suffix

-ko n

1. Diminutive suffix for neuter nouns. May cause various vowel shifts

   ‎słowo + ‎-ko → ‎słówko

Declension

Declension of -ko

	singular	plural
nominative	-ko	-ka
genitive	-ka	-k/-ek
dative	-ku	-kom
accusative	-ko	-ka
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ko	-ka

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ko

Further reading

• -ko in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• -ko in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Suffix

-ko (Cyrillic spelling -ко)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, most likely to make diminutive. Usually used to make names, or nicknames denoting a negative feature.

   ‎dar + ‎-ko → ‎Darko

   ‎Jano + ‎-ko → ‎Janko

   ‎debeo + ‎-ko → ‎debeljko (“fatty (meant as an insult)”)

Slovak

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔ/

Suffix

-ko n

1. Diminutive suffix for neuter nouns

Declension

Declension of -ko

	singular	plural
nominative	-ko	-ká, -ka
genitive	-ka	-iek, -ok
dative	-ku	-kám, -kam
accusative	-ko	-ká, -ka
locative	-ku	-kách, -kach
instrumental	-kom	-kami

Derived terms

Slovak terms suffixed with -ko