Appendix:Kazakh suffixes
General suffixes
edit- Plural
- Negative
- Predicative:
- 1st person singular:
- 2nd person singular informal:
- 2nd person singular formal:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person plural informal:
- 2nd person plural formal:
- 3rd person:
- -∅
Nominal suffixes
editCase suffixes
edit1. These forms are used after the 3rd person possessive suffix.
Possessive suffixes
editThe 2nd and 3rd person plurals may be formed using the regular plural suffix and the possessive suffix.
Verbal suffixes
edit- Verbal noun:
- -у (-u)
Converbs
edit- Perfective:
- Imperfective:
- “After verb”:
- “Until verb”:
- “When verb”:
- “As soon as verb”:
- “Even though verb”:
- “Because of verb”:
- -ғандықтан (-ğandyqtan), -гендіктен (-gendıkten), -қандықтан (-qandyqtan), -кендіктен (-kendıkten)
Participles
edit- Past:
- Present:
- Future:
Personal markers
editMost tense forms take normal predicative endings (see #General suffixes). However, present and indirective tenses also require a third person suffix.
Verbal
editUsed by past tense and conditional moods.
- 1st person singular:
- -м (-m)
- 2nd person singular informal:
- -ң (-ñ)
- 2nd person singular formal:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person plural informal:
- 2nd person plural formal:
Imperative/Optative
edit- 1st person singular:
- 2nd person singular informal:
- 2nd person singular formal:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person plural informal:
- 2nd person plural formal:
- 3nd person:
- Polite register2:
1. Rude, vulgar
2. These suffixes can be optionally attached to the imperative verb after the personal ending in order to give the connotation of a request rather than an order.
Moods
editThe desiderative mood requires a possessive ending (see #Possessive suffixes) and an auxiliary verb келу (kelu) to be placed after it.
- Conditional:
- Desiderative:
- Volitive:
Voices
editThe passive voice has "н" instead of "л", if "л" occurs in the last syllable of the root. The causative voice suffix is mostly unpredictable, but if the stem of the verb ends in a vowel sound, then the suffix 'т' is added.
- Passive:
- Reflexive:
- Reciprocial:
- Causative:
Tenses
edit- Present:
- Past:
- Indirective:
- Perfect:
- Habitual past:
- Indefinite future:
- Intentional future:
1. This form is used after the negation suffix.
Adjectival suffixes
edit1. These forms are used after the 3rd person possessive suffix.
Numeral adjectives
edit- Ordinal
- Collective
- Presumptive
Derivational suffixes
editNoun-forming
edit- Agent (-er)
- Profession, occupation or inclination (-er)
- Abstract noun (-ness, -hood, -ship, -dom)
- Reciprocal actor (co-)
- Place
- -хана (-xana)
- Dimunitive
- Study of a particular subject (-logy)
- -тану (-tanu)
Verb forming
editAdjective forming
edit- Forms adjectives from nouns (-ly)
- Adjectives not containing the noun (-less)
- Temporal adjectives
- Adjectives, expressing similarity
Adverb forming
edit- Forms adverbs
1. These forms are used after the 3rd person possessive suffix.