Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European edit

Root edit

*bʰuH- (perfective)

to be, become, grow, appear

Reconstruction notes edit

Some sources such as LIV reconstruct full-grade forms *bʰewh₂- or *bʰweh₂-, on the basis of Italic and Celtic preterite and subjunctive stem.^[1] According to Jasanoff, this root has no full grade, and the laryngeal cannot be precisely determined.^[2]

Alternative reconstructions edit

*bʰuh₂-^[3]

Derived terms edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-‎ (54 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewH-‎ (2 c, 0 e)

Note: In many descendants, this root formed a suppletive verbal paradigm together with other roots, such as *h₁es- and *h₂wes-.

*bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)
*bʰéwH-eti (full-grade root present) (these are analogical according to some sources)
- Proto-Germanic: *beuną (suppletive) (< athematic *bʰéwH-ti) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwHati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwHati
    - Sanskrit: भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *báwati
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaⁱti)
    - Northern Kurdish: bûn
    - Persian: بودن (budan)
*bʰuH-yé-ti (ye-present)
*bʰowH-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bāwˀitei?
  - Lithuanian: bùvintis
  - Proto-Slavic: *baviti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰāwáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰāwáyati
    - Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāváyati)
*bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa
    - Sanskrit: बभूव (babhū́va)
*bʰúH-tis
- Proto-Albanian: *bwātā
  - Albanian: botë
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”)^[4] (abstract denominal of *byti) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῠ́σῐς (phúsis), φῠ́στῐς (phústis)
    - →? Albanian: fis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHtiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHtiṣ
    - Sanskrit: भूति (bhū́ti, bhūtí)
*bʰuH-ti-ḱos
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φυσικός (phusikós), φυτικός (phutikós)
*bʰúH-tus
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: bū́tu
  - Old Prussian: būton, boūton
  - Proto-Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”)^[4] (denominal from the supine of *byti)
*bʰúH-m-i-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHmiš (see there for further descendants)
*bʰúH-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῦμᾰ (phûma)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHma
    - Sanskrit: भूमन् (bhū́man)
*bʰuH-eh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)
*bʰuH-tós
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *byto (“being”)^[4]
- Proto-Celtic: *butā
  - Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: Bot-
      - Breton: bod
    - Cornish: bod
    - Middle Welsh: bod
      - Welsh: bod
  - Goidelic:
    - Old Irish: both
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phutós), φῠτόν (phutón)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás (see there for further descendants)
*bʰuH-lom
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῦλον (phûlon), φῡλή (phūlḗ)
*bʰuH-s
- Italic:
  - Latin (pro)bus, (super)bus, (trī)bus
*bʰúH-tlom
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon
  - Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phútlā), φῠ́τλη (phútlē); φῠ́τλον (phútlon)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla
  - Proto-Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)
*bʰuH-ros
- Proto-Germanic: *būraz (see there for further descendants)^[5]
*pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्रभु (prabhú) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *proβos
  - Latin: probus (see there for further descendants)
*swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: atsvabinât, svabads
  - Proto-Slavic: *svoboda, *sveboda (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *swēbaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: Samnium, Sabīnī, Sabellī, Semnōnes
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *būmā
  - Albanian: bimë
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: bëhem
- Proto-Albanian: *bāl-
  - ⇒ Albanian: abolla
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բոյս (boys), բոյլ (boyl), բոյն (boyn), բլիթ (blitʻ), բոյթ (boytʻ), բայ (bay), (possibly) բաւիղ (bawił) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *bautaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *bōþō (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *buskaz (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: -bō (ending of future), -bam (ending of imperfect), -bundus (as in moribundus)

References edit

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰu̯eh₂- ‘wachsen, entstehen, werden’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 98–101
^ Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 112, 113
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “byti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 155
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “Būra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “probus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490

[LIV-1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰu̯eh₂- ‘wachsen, entstehen, werden’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 98–101

[2] Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 112, 113

[Ringe_2006-3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[ESSJa-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “byti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 155

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “Būra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “probus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 490

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