horizon

English

Etymology

From Old French orizon, via Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /həˈɹaɪ.zən/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

Noun

horizon (plural horizons)

1. The visible horizontal line (in all directions) where the sky appears to meet the earth in the distance.

   Synonyms: skysill, skyline

   A tall building was visible on the horizon.

2. (figuratively) The range or limit of one's knowledge, experience or interest; a boundary or threshold.

   Some students take a gap year after finishing high school to broaden their horizons.

   With clinical researchers hard at work, a new treatment is on the horizon.

   • 1997, Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent, Monthly Review Press, page 38:

     The Indians of the Americas totaled no less than 70 million when the foreign conquerors appeared on the horizon; a century and a half later they had been reduced to 3.5 million.

3. The range or limit of any dimension in which one exists.
   • 2003, Miguel de Beistegui, Thinking with Heidegger: Displacements, →ISBN, page 157:

     Only mortality, this irreducible and primordial horizon, that very horizon which, in Being and Time, Heidegger so compellingly revealed as the unsurpassable and defining possibility, remains.

4. (geology) A specific layer of soil, or stratum
5. (archaeology, chiefly US) A cultural sub-period or level within a more encompassing time period.
6. Any level line or surface.
7. (chess) The point at which a computer chess algorithm stops searching for further moves.

Derived terms

• A-horizon
• archaeological horizon
• archeological horizon
• artificial horizon
• Cauchy horizon
• cosmic event horizon
• cosmological horizon
• dip of the horizon
• event horizon
• on the horizon
• particle horizon
• radar horizon
• rational horizon
• split horizon
• time horizon

 

Related terms

• horizontal
• aorist

Translations

line that appears to separate the Earth from the sky

• Afrikaans: horison
• Albanian: horizont (sq) m, lëbozë f, lëpen m, lëpith (sq)
• Arabic: أُفُق‎ m (ʔufuq)

  Egyptian Arabic: افق‎ m (ufʔ)

• Armenian: հորիզոն (hy) (horizon)
• Aromanian: ndzari f
• Asturian: horizonte m
• Aymara: chhaqachhaqa
• Azerbaijani: üfüq (az)
• Bashkir: офоҡ (ofoq)
• Belarusian: гарызо́нт (be) m (haryzónt), небакрай m (njebakraj)
• Bengali: দিগন্ত (digonto)
• Bulgarian: хоризо́нт (bg) m (horizónt)
• Burmese: မိုးကုပ်စက်ဝိုင်း (my) (mui:kupcak-wuing:)
• Catalan: horitzó (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 地平線／地平线 (zh) (dìpíngxiàn), 天際／天际 (zh) (tiānjì), 天邊／天边 (zh) (tiānbiān)

• Czech: obzor (cs) m, horizont (cs) m
• Danish: horisont (da) c
• Dutch: horizon (nl) m, horizont (nl) m, einder (nl) m, kim (nl) f
• Esperanto: horizonto
• Estonian: silmapiir, horisont
• Faroese: sjónarringur m, havsbrúgv f, havsbrún f, væðing f, himinjaðari m
• Finnish: horisontti (fi), taivaanranta (fi)
• French: horizon (fr) m, ligne d'horizon (fr) f
• Galician: horizonte (gl) m
• Georgian: ჰორიზონტი (horizonṭi)
• German: Horizont (de)
• Greek: ορίζοντας (el) m (orízontas)

  Ancient: ὁρίζων m (horízōn)

• Hebrew: אופק \ אֹפֶק‎ (he) m (ófek)
• Hindi: क्षितिज (hi) m (kṣitij)
• Hungarian: horizont (hu), látóhatár (hu), láthatár (hu)
• Icelandic: sjóndeildarhringur (is) m, sjónbaugur m
• Ido: horizonto (io)
• Indonesian: kaki langit (id), cakrawala (id), horizon (id), ufuk (id)
• Irish: spéire f
• Italian: orizzonte (it)
• Japanese: 地平線 (ja) (ちへいせん, chiheisen), 水平線 (ja) (すいへいせん, suiheisen) (at water area)
• Kazakh: көкжиек (kökjiek)
• Khmer: ជើងមេឃ (cəəng meik), នភាបាទ (nĕəʼphiə baat)
• Korean: 지평선 (ko) (jipyeongseon), 수평선 (ko) (supyeongseon) (at water area)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: ئاسۆ‎ (ckb) (aso)

  Northern Kurdish: aso (ku) m or f

• Kyrgyz: горизонт (ky) (gorizont), асманчет (asmançet)
• Lao: ຂອບຟ້າ (khǭp fā), ຟາກຟ້າ (fāk fā)
• Latin: fīniens (la) m, horizōn m
• Latvian: horizonts m
• Lithuanian: horizontas m
• Low German:

  German Low German: Kimm f, Kimming f

• Macedonian: хоризонт m (horizont)
• Malay: kaki langit, ufuk
• Maori: huapae, paerangi, taharangi, tahatū o te rangi, paewai o te moana, tāhapatū o te rangi, tauriparipa, tāepaepatanga o te rangi, paewai o te rangi, taha o te rangi, paewhenua (over land)
• Marathi: क्षितिज m (kṣitij)
• Mongolian: тэнгэрийн хаяа (tengeriin xajaa)
• Nahuatl: ahuemaniliztli
• Navajo: yákʼaashbąąh
• Norwegian: horisont (no) m, blåne
• Pashto: افق‎ (ps) (ufúq)
• Persian: افق‎ (fa) (ofoq), کران‎ (fa) (karân)
• Plautdietsch: Horizont m
• Polish: horyzont (pl) m, widnokrąg (pl) m, nieboskłon (pl) m
• Portuguese: horizonte (pt) m
• Quechua: pachapanta, winkumuyu
• Romanian: orizont (ro) n, zare (ro) f, zariște (ro) f
• Russian: горизо́нт (ru) m (gorizónt), небоскло́н (ru) m (nebosklón)
• Sanskrit: क्षितिज (sa) n (kṣitija), कुज (sa) n (kuja)
• Scottish Gaelic: fàire f
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: хоризонт m

  Roman: horizont (sh) m

• Sinhalese: ක්ෂිතිජය (kṣitijaya)
• Slovak: horizont m, obzor m
• Slovene: obzorje n
• Spanish: horizonte (es) m
• Swedish: horisont (sv) c
• Tagalog: abot-tanaw, kagiliran
• Tajik: уфуқ (ufuq)
• Tamil: கீழ்வானம் (ta) (kīḻvāṉam)
• Tatar: офык (tt) (ofıq)
• Thai: ขอบฟ้า (th) (kɔ̀ɔp-fáa)
• Turkish: ufuk (tr), ufuk çizgisi (tr)
• Turkmen: gözýetim
• Ukrainian: о́брій m (óbrij), горизо́нт m (horyzónt), небокра́й m (nebokráj), небосхи́л m (nebosxýl), о́вид (uk) m (óvyd), видноко́ло (uk) n (vydnokólo), виднокру́г m (vydnokrúh), крайне́бо (uk) n (krajnébo), кругови́д m (kruhovýd), кругозі́р (uk) m (kruhozír), кругогля́д m (kruhohljád), виднокра́й m (vydnokráj)
• Urdu: افق‎ (ur) (ufuq)
• Uyghur: ئۇپۇق‎ (upuq)
• Uzbek: ufq (uz)
• Vietnamese: chân trời (vi)
• Volapük: horit (vo)
• Welsh: gorwel (cy), gorwelion (cy) m pl
• Yiddish: האָריזאָנט‎ m (horizont)

knowledge range/limit

• Hungarian: látókör (hu)

a specific layer of soil or strata

• Bulgarian: хоризонт (bg) m (horizont)
• Tagalog: kagiliran

See also

• vertical

Further reading

• horizon on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɦoː.ri.zɔn/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

horizon m (plural horizonten or horizonnen)

1. horizon

   Synonyms: kim, einder

Descendants

• → Indonesian: horizon
• → Papiamentu: hórizòn

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• ^{(mute h)} IPA^(key): /ɔ.ʁi.zɔ̃/

• Audio (France, Paris)

  (file)

• Homophone: horizons
• Hyphenation: ho‧ri‧zon

Noun

horizon m (plural horizons)

1. horizon

Derived terms

• bleu horizon
• élargir ses horizons
• horizon des événements
• horizon rationnel
• horizon sensible
• horizonner
• horizontal
• ligne d'horizon
• tour d'horizon

Further reading

• “horizon”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch horizon, from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [hoˈrizɔn]
• Hyphenation: ho‧ri‧zon

Noun

horizon (first-person possessive horizonku, second-person possessive horizonmu, third-person possessive horizonnya)

1. horizon:
   1. the visible horizontal line or point (in all directions) that appears to connect the Earth to the sky.

      Synonyms: kaki langit, ufuk, cakrawala

   2. (geoglogy) a specific layer of soil or strata.
2. (in extension) sky, atmosphere, space

   Synonyms: ambara, angkasa, awang-awang, bumantara, cakrawala, dirgantara, langit, udara

Compounds

• horizon diagnostik
• horizon eluvial
• horizon harapan

 

Further reading

• “horizon” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Latin

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /hoˈriz.zoːn/, [hɔˈrɪz̪d̪͡z̪oːn]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /oˈrid.d͡zon/, [oˈrid̪ː͡z̪on]

Noun

horizōn m (genitive horizontis); third declension

1. horizon

Declension

Third-declension noun (non-Greek-type or Greek-type, variant with nominative singular in -ōn).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	horizōn	horizontēs
Genitive	horizontis horizontos	horizontum horizontium
Dative	horizontī	horizontibus
Accusative	horizontem horizonta	horizontēs horizontās
Ablative	horizonte	horizontibus
Vocative	horizōn	horizontēs

Descendants

• Catalan: horitzó
• → Dutch: horizon
• → English: horizon
• French: horizon
• Galician: horizonte
• → German: Horizont
• Italian: orizzonte
• Lombard: orizzont (New Lombard Orthography)
• Portuguese: horizonte
• Romanian: orizont
• → Russian: горизонт (gorizont)
• Spanish: horizonte
• → Ukrainian: горизо́нт (horyzónt)

References

• “horizon”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• horizon in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette

Limburgish

Noun

horizon f

1. Veldeke spelling spelling of Hooriṣǫn