-nya
IndonesianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Malay -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-nya
- (dative) to him, to her, to it
- (objective after preposition) him, her, it
- (accusative) him, her, it
- his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)
- Ini rumahnya. ― This is his / her / its house.
Usage notesEdit
The usage of this suffix is very diverse, but not all words could take -nya for some senses.
- -nya as a third-person singular possessive (possession): Budi mengambil uangnya di bank. means uang is owned by Budi.
- -nya as a third-person singular objective: Budi menemaninya ke bank. (active), or Ani ditemaninya ke bank. (passive). -nya works as a replacement of Ani in the former and Budi in the latter sentence.
- -nya as a definite marker: Budi, uangnya di mana?. The definite marker means that the money in question is a specific money, not just any money. Similar to the definite article the in "Budi, where is the money?"
- -nya as a possessed case: Ini uangnya Budi, bukan uangnya Ani., Uangnya Budi di mana? considered redundant but often acceptable in standard grammar, common in casual speech. Compare his genitive in early Modern English.
- -nya as a verb nominalizer: Kamu makannya jangan begitu. The -nya here changes the verb makan into a noun.
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “-nya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
KamberaEdit
PronounEdit
-nya
ParticleEdit
-nya
- continuative aspect enclitic
See alsoEdit
Kambera pronominal clitics
ReferencesEdit
- Marian Klamer (2000), “Continuative Aspect and the Dative Clitic in Kambera”, in Mark Campana, Ileana Paul, Vivianne Phillips, Lisa Travis, editors, Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory; 49), Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 58
MalayEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -ڽ
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.
PronunciationEdit
- (Johor-Selangor) IPA(key): /ɲə/
- (Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /ɲa/
- Rhymes: -ɲə, -ə
SuffixEdit
-nya (Jawi spelling -ڽ)
- (dative) to him, to her, to it
- (objective after preposition) him, her, it
- (accusative) him, her, it
- his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)
Usage notesEdit
When used to address God, a capital letter and hyphen is used.
- dari-Nya ― from Them (God)
DescendantsEdit
See alsoEdit
Malay personal pronouns
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) |
kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
royal | beta / بيتا | ||
2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) |
kalian / کاليان kamu semua / كامو سموا kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) |
mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
royal | baginda / بݢيندا |