-ku
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ku"
Indonesian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Malay -ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. Compare Tagalog ko.
Pronunciation
edit- (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈku/ [ˈku]
- Rhymes: -u
- Syllabification: -ku
Suffix
edit-ku
- (casual or informal) first person singular oblique enclitic pronoun
Usage notes
editAs with other clitic pronouns in the language, this clitic is optional.
See also
editsingular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person exclusive | regular | aku, saya1 |
kami |
enclitic | -ku | - | |
proclitic | ku- | - | |
1st person inclusive | - | kita | |
2nd person | regular | kamu, Anda2, kau3 |
kalian, Anda2, Anda sekalian2 |
enclitic | -mu | - | |
3rd person | regular | dia, beliau4, ia3 |
mereka |
enclitic | -nya | - | |
reflexive | diri5, diri sendiri | ||
emphatic | sendiri |
1 Polite.
2 Formal.
3 Now mostly literary.
4 Respectful.
5 Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.
2 Formal.
3 Now mostly literary.
4 Respectful.
5 Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.
Notes:
- This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
- The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
- The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.
Further reading
edit- “-ku” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Japanese
editRomanization
edit-ku
Makasar
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ku (possessive suffix, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)
See also
editMalay
editEtymology
editFrom ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. Compare Tagalog ko.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ku (Jawi spelling ـکو) (informal)
- me (direct object of a verb)
- Dia memarahiku. ― He scolded me.
- me (object of a preposition)
- Dia pergi denganku. ― He went with me.
- me (indirect object of a verb)
- my (belonging to me)
- "Negaraku" ― "My Country"
- Ini rumahku. ― This is my house.
See also
editsingular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku / اکو, ku- / كوـ (informal/towards God) -ku / ـكو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) |
kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
royal | beta / بيتا | ||
2nd person | standard | ||
engkau / اڠکاو, kau- / كاوـ (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / ـمو (possessive) |
awak semua / اوق سموا kamu semua / كامو سموا kalian / کالين (informal) kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / ـڽ (possessive) |
mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
royal | baginda / بݢيندا |
Maori
editSuffix
edit-ku
- Used in contractions with particles of possession to mean me
See also
editPipil
editAlternative forms
editSuffix
edit-ku
- (no longer productive) locative suffix (meaning "in") used after a consonant
Further reading
edit- Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.47
Quechua
editSuffix
edit-ku
- reflexive suffix: to or for oneself
Derived terms
editCategories:
- Indonesian terms derived from Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Indonesian 1-syllable words
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Indonesian/u
- Rhymes:Indonesian/u/1 syllable
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian suffixes
- Indonesian informal terms
- Indonesian terms with usage examples
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Makasar terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Makasar terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Makasar terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian
- Makasar terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Makasar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Makasar lemmas
- Makasar suffixes
- Makasar pronouns
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Malay terms derived from Proto-Austronesian
- Malay 1-syllable words
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Malay/ku
- Rhymes:Malay/u
- Malay lemmas
- Malay suffixes
- Malay informal terms
- Malay terms with usage examples
- Maori lemmas
- Maori suffixes
- Pipil lemmas
- Pipil suffixes
- Quechua lemmas
- Quechua suffixes