joka
Basque edit
Pronunciation edit
- Rhymes: -oka
- Hyphenation: jo‧ka
Etymology 1 edit
Adverb edit
joka (not comparable)
Etymology 2 edit
Verb edit
joka
- Short form of jokatu (“to play”).
Further reading edit
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *joka, from Proto-Finno-Permic *jo. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with kuka and mikä). Related to Karelian joka, Votic jõka, Northern Sami juohkẹ, juogọ, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo) and Western Mari юж (juž).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
joka
Usage notes edit
- (relative):
- joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.[1]
- Ostin uuden puhelimen, joka on toiminut hyvin. ("that" refers to the phone)
- I bought a new phone that has been working well.
- Ostin uuden puhelimen, mikä oli ihan hyvä kokemus. ("which" refers to the purchase)
- I bought a new phone, which was quite a good experience.
- Tässä on mies, joka sen teki.
- This is the man who did it.
- En tiedä, mitä hän haluaa. (no referent in the preceding clause)
- I don't know what he wants.
- In colloquial usage, this distinction is usually not as clear-cut. Using the wrong relative pronoun is however seen as incorrect, e.g. in schools.
- If the previous word is a pronoun not referring to a person, there exists variation between joka and mikä. In general, the former is used with more concrete or specifically defined concepts, while the latter is used with more abstract, less defined concepts. With locations, both joka and mikä can be used. With persons, joka is always used.
- se, jonka ostin ― the one that I bought
- se, mikä on tehtävä ― that which must be done
- se, joka ei sääntöjä noudata ― that who does not obey the rules
- paikka, jossa kävimme / paikka, missä kävimme ― the place (that) we visited
- joka refers only to the previous word or phrase, as opposed to a whole clause, in which case mikä is used.[1]
- In many Eastern Finnish dialects, the indeclinable stem -ka is extended to all forms. These can occur in standard Finnish on occasion, but are considered colloquial or dialectal.
- joidenka, jotenka, joihinka, jonneka
Inflection edit
Irregular. Some cases are practically never used. The conjunction jos is etymologically the s-lative singular of this pronoun.
Declension of joka
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Determiner edit
joka
- every, each
- Hän käy lenkillä joka päivä.
- She goes jogging every day.
- joka kerta ― every time
- joka puolella/puolelta/puolelle, joka paikassa/paikasta/paikkaan ― everywhere
- joka tapauksessa ― in any case, at any rate
- joka toinen vuosi ― every two years, biannually
Derived terms edit
- joitse
- joka ainoa
- joka ikinen
- joka toinen
- joka-aamuinen
- jokailtainen
- jokainen
- jokakesäinen
- jokakeväinen
- jokakuukautinen
- jokamiehenluokka
- jokamiehenoikeus
- jokamies
- jokamiesluokka
- jokanainen
- jokapaikan
- jokapaikansara
- jokapuolinen
- jokapyöräveto
- jokapäiväinen
- jokasyksyinen
- jokatalvinen
- jokaviikkoinen
- jokavuotinen
- jokayksi
- jokaöinen
- joko
- jok’ainoa
- jollainen
- jolloin
- jommoinen
- jompi
- jonkalainen
- jonne
- jos
- jotakuinkin
- jotavastoin
- joten
- jotta
Related terms edit
Related terms
See also edit
- jokainen (close in meaning)
References edit
- ^ Auli Hakulinen with Maria Vilkuna, Riitta Korhonen, Vesa Koivisto, Tarja Riitta Heinonen, and Irja Alho (2004) “§ 735 Relatiivipronominien ominaisuudet”, in Iso suomen kielioppi[1], Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, →ISBN
Further reading edit
- “joka”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams edit
Garo edit
Noun edit
joka
- to flow
- chibima jokangenga
- The river is flowing away
Guaraní edit
Verb edit
joka
Ingrian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *joka. Cognates include Finnish joka and Karelian joka.
Pronunciation edit
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞kɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈjokɑ/, [ˈjo̞ɡ̊ɑ]
- Rhymes: -okɑ
- Hyphenation: jo‧ka
Determiner edit
joka (invariable)
- every, each
- joka päivä ― every day
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 49:
- Joka paikaas flakut, väki.
- Everywhere there's flags, there's people
- (literally, “In every place flags, people.”)
- 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:
- No joka predmetan kupahain päivän pittuueel muuttuu.
- But the shadow of every object changes in length during the day.
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
References edit
Latvian edit
Noun edit
joka m
Swahili edit
Etymology edit
From ji- (augmentative) + nyoka (“snake”).
Pronunciation edit
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Noun edit
joka (ma class, plural majoka)
- Augmentative of nyoka: serpent (big snake)