持

持	U+6301, 持 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6301

Translingual edit

Stroke order

Han character edit

持 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 手土木戈 (QGDI), four-corner 5404₁, composition ⿰扌寺)

Derived characters edit

𱓙, 𣖖, 𥻣, 𧎋, 𨃌, 𨨲, 𩹭, 𤸟

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 429, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12019
Dae Jaweon: page 778, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1866, character 2
Unihan data for U+6301

Chinese edit

trad.		持
simp. ^#		持
alternative forms		寺

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
等	tɯːʔ, tɯːŋʔ
待	*dɯːʔ
寺	*ljɯs
持	*l'ɯ
峙	*dɯʔ
痔	*dɯʔ
跱	*dɯʔ
歭	*dɯʔ
洔	dɯʔ, tjɯʔ
畤	dɯʔ, tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲	dɯʔ, djɯs
庤	*dɯʔ
時	*djɯ
鰣	*djɯ
塒	*djɯ
蒔	djɯ, djɯs
榯	*djɯ
恃	*djɯʔ
侍	*djɯs
詩	*hljɯ
邿	*hljɯ
特	*dɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯ) : semantic 手 + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chí (chi²)

(Zhuyin): ㄔˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ci⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ci³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̀

(Meixian, Guangdong): ci²
Eastern Min (BUC): tì
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tî / chhî

(Teochew, Peng'im): ti⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zy

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chí
  - Zhuyin: ㄔˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chíh
  - Wade–Giles: chʻih²
  - Yale: chŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyr
  - Palladius: чи (či)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ci⁴
  - Yale: chìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsi⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: qi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ci³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰi²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̀
  - Hakka Romanization System: ciiˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ci²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ci²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰz̩¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tî / chhî
  - Tâi-lô: tî / tshî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dii, chii
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ti²⁴/, /t͡sʰi²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ti²⁴/, /t͡sʰi²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ti¹³/, /t͡sʰi¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ti²⁴/, /t͡sʰi²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ti²³/, /t͡sʰi²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ti⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thî
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶zy
  - MiniDict: zy^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zr
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²³/

Middle Chinese: dri

Rime
Character	持
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	直之切
Baxter	dri
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖɨ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡie/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨ/
Li Rong	/ȡiə/
Wang Li	/ȡĭə/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ci⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]rə/

(Zhengzhang): /*l'ɯ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	持
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chí
Middle Chinese	‹ dri ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]rə/
English	grasp, hold
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	持
Reading #	1/1
No.	12031
Phonetic component	寺
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	治
Old Chinese	/*l'ɯ/

Definitions edit

持

to hold; to grasp
持刀搶劫／持刀抢劫 ― chí dāo qiǎngjié ― to carry out a robbery with a knife
- 婦人當頂為高髻，以金銀真珠為飾，著青婆羅裙，又披羅緞，行必持扇。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  妇人当顶为高髻，以金银真珠为饰，着青婆罗裙，又披罗缎，行必持扇。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Tang Dynasty, Fan Chuo, Manshu, chapter 10, part 2
  Fùrén dàng dǐng wéi gāojì, yǐ jīn yín zhēnzhū wéi shì, zhuó qīng póluó qún, yòu pī luóduàn, xíng bì chí shàn. [Pinyin]
  Married women wear high topknot decorated with jewellery of gold, silver and pearl, blue-green skirts of polo satin, as well as grosgrain drapes. They always hold fans when walking.
to hold (views, opinions, etc.)
持不同看法 ― chí bùtóng kànfǎ ― to hold different views

持反對態度／持反对态度 ― chí fǎnduì tàidù ― to be opposed
to manage; to run
持家 ― chíjiā ― to run one's home; to housekeep
to sustain; to support
維持／维持 ― wéichí ― to maintain

持之以恆／持之以恒 ― chízhīyǐhéng ― to persevere

持國天王／持国天王 ― Chíguó Tiānwáng ― Heavenly King who Upholds the Nation (calque of Sanskrit धृतराष्ट्र Dhṛtarāṣṭra)
to oppose (each other)
僵持 ― jiāngchí ― to be locked in a stalemate

相持不下 ― xiàngchíbùxià ― to be locked in a stalemate
to control; to hold under duress
劫持 ― jiéchí ― to hold under duress