朝鮮

Chinese edit

		morning; to face; towards morning; to face; towards; facing; direct; a dynasty; the imperial court; Korea, esp. N. Korea (abbrev.)	few; rare; fresh
trad. (朝鮮)		朝	鮮
simp. (朝鲜)		朝	鲜

Wikipedia has articles on:

朝鮮 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
朝鮮 (稱謂) (Written Standard Chinese^?)
朝鮮 (Cantonese)
朝鮮 (Classical)
朝鮮 (Gan)
Chêu-sién (Hakka)
Dièu-siēng (Eastern Min)
Tiâu-sián (Southern Min)
朝鮮 (Wu)

Joseon Korea (朝鮮) and Tsushima Island (鳯馬) on the general map from the 1754 Provincial Atlas of the Qing Empire

朝鲜 as a Chinese gloss for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)

Etymology edit

Attested in Classic of Mountains and Seas, Zhanguo Ce, Records of the Grand Historian, etc. Juha Janhunen tentatively suggests a connection to the ethnonyms Jurchen and Sushen. A common literal interpretation of this term is “morning (朝) calm (鮮)”, and thus Korea is also known as the “Land of the Morning Calm”.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): Cháoxiǎn, Cháoxiān, Zhāoxiān

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ, ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ, ㄓㄠㄒㄧㄢ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Чощян (Čoxi͡an, I-II)
Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu⁴ sin¹, ziu¹ sin¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chêu-siên
Eastern Min (BUC): Dièu-siēng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Tiâu-sián

(Teochew, Peng'im): ziou¹ siêng² / ziao¹ siang² / ziao¹ siang¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zau-shi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Cháoxiǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Cháosiǎn
  - Wade–Giles: Chʻao²-hsien³
  - Yale: Cháu-syǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chaurshean
  - Palladius: Чаосянь (Čaosjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Cháoxiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Cháosian
  - Wade–Giles: Chʻao²-hsien¹
  - Yale: Cháu-syān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chaurshian
  - Palladius: Чаосянь (Čaosjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, etymologically correct variant, obsolete and literary)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Zhāoxiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄠㄒㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Jhaosian
  - Wade–Giles: Chao¹-hsien¹
  - Yale: Jāu-syān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jaushian
  - Palladius: Чжаосянь (Čžaosjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Чощян (Čoxi͡an, I-II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ²⁴ ɕiæ̃⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ciu⁴ sin¹, ziu¹ sin¹
  - Yale: chìuh sīn, jīu sīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu⁴ sin¹, dziu¹ sin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: qiu⁴ xin¹, jiu¹ xin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵/, /t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chêu-siên
  - Hakka Romanization System: zeu´ xien´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zeu¹ xian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡seu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ si̯en²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Dièu-siēng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tieu⁵³⁻³³ ^(s-)lieŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiâu-sián
  - Tâi-lô: Tiâu-sián
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diausiern
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiau²⁴⁻²² siɛn⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiau¹³⁻²² siɛn⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiau²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛn⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiau²³⁻³³ siɛn⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ziou¹ siêng² / ziao¹ siang² / ziao¹ siang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiou siéng / tsiau siáng / tsiau siang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siou³³⁻²³ sieŋ⁵²/, /t͡siau³³⁻²³ siaŋ⁵²/, /t͡siau³³⁻²³ siaŋ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶zau-shi
  - MiniDict: zau^去 shi
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zau-xi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zɔ²² ɕi⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: trjew|drjew sjen

Rime
Character	朝	朝	鮮
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/3
Initial (聲)	知 (9)	澄 (11)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	宵 (92)	宵 (92)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	陟遙切	直遙切	相然切
Baxter	trjew	drjew	sjen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈˠiᴇu/	/ɖˠiᴇu/	/siᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈᵚiɛu/	/ɖᵚiɛu/	/siɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiæu/	/ȡiæu/	/sjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈiaw/	/ɖiaw/	/sian/
Li Rong	/ȶjɛu/	/ȡjɛu/	/siɛn/
Wang Li	/ȶĭɛu/	/ȡĭɛu/	/sĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯ɛu/	/ȡʱi̯ɛu/	/si̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhāo	cháo	xiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ziu¹	ciu⁴	sin¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*t<r>aw [s][a]r/

(Zhengzhang): /*r'ew sen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	朝	鮮
Reading #	2/2	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhāo	xiān
Middle Chinese	‹ trjew ›	‹ sjen ›
Old Chinese	/*t<r>aw/	/*[s][a]r/
English	morning	fresh; good
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	朝	鮮
Reading #	2/2	1/3
No.	1309	13490
Phonetic component	朝	鮮
Rime group	宵	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	𪓙	仙
Old Chinese	/*r'ew/	/*sen/
Notes		說文羴省聲

Proper noun edit

朝鮮

Korea (two countries in East Asia, North Korea and South Korea)
- 2006, 朴英姬, “朝鲜义烈团的成立及抗日斗争”, in 历史档案‎^[1], number 4, →ISSN, pages 96–99:
  
  1919年3月1日在朝鲜爆发的全民族性的反日爱国运动标志着这一高潮的到来。然而“三一”运动遭到了日本帝国主义的血腥镇压最终失败。其失败的原因主要有……其二，朝鲜民族主义者幻想从美国和巴黎和会那里“乞求”朝鲜独立，而不依靠朝鲜人民用武力实现朝鲜独立。“三一”运动失败后，朝鲜爱国志士无法在国内展开反日斗争，便纷纷流亡国外。 [MSC, simp.]
  1919年3月1日在朝鮮爆發的全民族性的反日愛國運動標誌著這一高潮的到來。然而“三一”運動遭到了日本帝國主義的血腥鎮壓最終失敗。其失敗的原因主要有……其二，朝鮮民族主義者幻想從美國和巴黎和會那裡“乞求”朝鮮獨立，而不依靠朝鮮人民用武力實現朝鮮獨立。“三一”運動失敗後，朝鮮愛國志士無法在國內展開反日鬥爭，便紛紛流亡國外。 [MSC, trad.]
  1919 nián 3 yuè 1 rì zài Cháoxiǎn bàofā de quán mínzú xìng de fǎnrì àiguó yùndòng biāozhì zhe zhè yī gāocháo de dàolái. Rán'ér “sānyī” yùndòng zāodào le Rìběn dìguózhǔyì de xuèxīng zhènyā zuìzhōng shībài. Qí shībài de yuányīn zhǔyào yǒu...... Qí èr, Cháoxiǎn mínzúzhǔyì zhě huànxiǎng cóng Měiguó hé Bālí héhuì nàlǐ “qǐqiú” Cháoxiǎn dúlì, ér bù yīkào Cháoxiǎn rénmín yòng wǔlì shíxiàn Cháoxiǎn dúlì. “sānyī” yùndòng shībài hòu, Cháoxiǎn àiguó zhìshì wúfǎ zài guónèi zhǎnkāi fǎnrì dǒuzhēng, biàn fēnfēn liúwáng guówài. [Pinyin]
  The nation-wide anti-Japanese patriotic March 1st Movement that erupted in Korea on 1 March, 1919 marked the arrival of this climax. However, the March 1st movement faced brutal suppression by Japanese imperialism and ultimately failed. The main reasons for its failure are…Secondly, Korean nationalists had the illusion of "pleading" for Korean independence from the United States and the Paris Peace Conference, rather than relying on armed resistance by the Korean people to achieve Korean independence. After the failure of the March 1st movement, patriotic Korean activists were unable to engage in domestic anti-Japanese struggles and consequently sought exile abroad.
(historical) Gojoseon (ancient Korean kingdom)
(～王朝) (historical) Joseon (ancient Korean dynasty and state)
(Mainland China) (～民主主義人民共和國) North Korea (a country in East Asia)
(～半島) Korean Peninsula

Synonyms edit

(North Korea):
- (full name) 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國／朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 (Cháoxiǎn Mínzhǔzhǔyì Rénmín Gònghéguó)
- (uncommon) 北朝鮮／北朝鲜 (Běi Cháoxiǎn)

Dialectal synonyms of 朝鮮 (“North Korea”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		朝鮮
Mandarin	Taiwan	北韓
Mandarin	Singapore	北韓
Cantonese	Hong Kong	北韓
Cantonese	Macau	北韓
Wu	Shanghai	朝鮮

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (朝鮮):

→ Japanese: 朝(ちょう)鮮(せん) (Chōsen)
→ Korean: 조선(朝鮮) (Joseon)
→ Vietnamese: Triều Tiên (朝鮮)

Others:

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠴᠣᠤᠬᠢᠶ᠋ᠠᠨ (Čoukiyan)
→ Manchu: ᠴᠣᠣᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (Coohiyan)
→ Zhuang: Cauzsenh

References edit

小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “朝鮮”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎^[2] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC