鴉

See also: 鵶 and 鸦

鴉	U+9D09, 鴉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9D09

← 鴈
[U+9D08]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鴊 →
[U+9D0A]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

鴉 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+4, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一竹竹日火 (MHHAF), four-corner 1722₇, composition ⿰牙鳥)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1484, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46738
Dae Jaweon: page 2016, character 12
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4618, character 14
Unihan data for U+9D09

Chinese edit

trad.		鴉
simp.		鸦
alternative forms		鵶𩿎𪀨𪀹

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
邪	ljaː, laː
衺	*ljaː
牙	*ŋraː
芽	*ŋraː
齖	ŋraː, ŋraːs
呀	ŋraː, hŋraː
枒	ŋraː, ŋraːs
雅	*ŋraːʔ
厊	*ŋraːʔ
庌	*ŋraːʔ
訝	*ŋraːs
迓	*ŋraːs
砑	*ŋraːs
犽	*ŋraːs
疨	*hŋraː
岈	*hŋraː
谺	*hŋraː
颬	*hŋraː
鴉	*qraː
釾	*laː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qraː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka-n (“crow”). Doublet of 烏 (OC *qaː, “crow; raven”) . The Middle Chinese of 鴉 retains the earlier vowel.

Schuessler (2007) disputes Old Chinese reconstructions with medial *-r-, reasoning that 鴉's place among Division II syllables (often from Old Chinese syllables containing *-r-) results rather from archaism which preserves the original vowel's quality.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yā (ya¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄚ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ya¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aa¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): a¹, a^1*
Gan (Wiktionary): nga¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): â

(Meixian, Guangdong): a¹
Jin (Wiktionary): ia¹
Northern Min (KCR): á
Eastern Min (BUC): ă / uă
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): a

(Teochew, Peng'im): a¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹ia; ¹o
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ia¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yā
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ya
  - Wade–Giles: ya¹
  - Yale: yā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ia
  - Palladius: я (ja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ya¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ia
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ia⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: aa¹
  - Yale: ā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: aa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: a¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aː⁵⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: a¹, a^1*
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /a³³/, /a³³⁻³³⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nga¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: â
  - Hakka Romanization System: a´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: a¹
  - Sinological IPA: /a²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: a¹
  - Sinological IPA: /a⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ia¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ia¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: á
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /a⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ă / uă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /a⁵⁵/, /ua⁵⁵/

Note: uă - used in 老鴉.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a
  - Tâi-lô: a
  - Phofsit Daibuun: af
  - IPA (Xiamen): /a⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /a³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /a⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /a⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /a⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: a¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: a
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /a³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹ia; ¹o
  - MiniDict: ia^平; o^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ia; ¹o
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ia⁵³/, /o⁵³/

Note: 1ia - literary, 1o - vernacular.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ia¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i̯a̠³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 鴉
Mandarin	Beijing	/ia⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ia⁴⁴/ 烏～ /ia²¹³/ ～片
	Tianjin	/iɑ²¹/
	Jinan	/ia²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ia⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ia²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ia²¹/
	Xining	/ia⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ia⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ia¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ia⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/ia⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ia⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ia⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ia̠⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/iɑ³¹/
	Hefei	/ia²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ia¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iɑ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ia³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/o⁵³/ /ia⁵³/
	Suzhou	/o⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiɑ³³/
	Wenzhou	/o³³/
Hui	Shexian	/ia³¹/ /ŋa³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/ŋɔ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ia³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iɒ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ŋɑ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/a⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ɑ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/a⁵⁵/
	Nanning	/a⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/a⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/a⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/a⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/a⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/a³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/za³¹/

Middle Chinese: 'ae

Rime
Character	鴉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	於加切
Baxter	'ae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔaɨ/
Li Rong	/ʔa/
Wang Li	/a/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	aa¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤra/

(Zhengzhang): /*qraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鴉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yā
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔæ ›
Old Chinese	/*qˁra/
English	raven, crow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鴉
Reading #	1/1
No.	14196
Phonetic component	牙
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	鴉
Old Chinese	/*qraː/
Notes	見莊子

Definitions edit

鴉

crow; raven
- 民食芻豢，麋鹿食薦，蝍且甘帶，鴟鴉耆鼠，四者孰知正味？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  民食刍豢，麋鹿食荐，蝍且甘带，鸱鸦耆鼠，四者孰知正味？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Mín shí chúhuàn, mílù shí jiàn, jíqiě gān dài, chīyā qí shǔ, sì zhě shú zhī zhèngwèi? [Pinyin]
  Men eat animals that have been fed on grain and grass; elaphures feed on the thick-set grass; centipedes enjoy small snakes; owls and crows delight in mice; but does any one of the four know the right taste?
- 枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 13^th century – 14^th century, 馬致遠 (Ma Zhiyuan), 秋思 (Autumn Thoughts)
  Kūténg lǎoshù hūnyā, xiǎoqiáo liúshuǐ rénjiā. [Pinyin]
  Withered vines, an old tree, evening crows; small bridges, flowing stream, family houses.

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 烏鴉 (“crow; raven”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		烏, 鴉
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		烏鴉
Mandarin	Beijing	老鴰, 老鴉兒
	Taiwan	烏鴉
	Tianjin	老鴰
	Langfang	老鴰
	Tangshan	老鴰
	Cangzhou	老鴰
	Baoding	老鴰
	Shijiazhuang	老鴰
	Daming	老鴰
	Ulanhot	老鴰
	Tongliao	老鴰
	Chifeng	老鴰
	Bayanhot	老哇
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	老鴰
	Harbin	老哇, 老哇子, 黑老哇, 烏鴉
	Shenyang	老鴰
	Yantai (Muping)	黑老哇子
	Qingdao	老哇
	Jinan	老鴰, 黑老鴰
	Luoyang	老鴰
	Wanrong	老哇
	Zhengzhou	老鴰
	Xi'an	老哇, 黑老哇
	Yinchuan	老哇
	Lanzhou	老哇, 狼老哇
	Xining	老哇, 鴰老闆
	Ürümqi	老哇
	Wuhan	老哇
	Huanggang	老鴉
	Chengdu	老哇, 烏鴉
	Guiyang	老哇
	Kunming	老哇
	Guilin	烏鴉
	Pingle	烏鴉
	Liuzhou	烏鴉, 烏鴉鳥
	Luzhai	烏鴉
	Xuzhou	老鴰, 烏鴉
	Yangzhou	老鴉
	Nanjing	老哇, 黑老哇
	Hefei	老鴰子, 老鴰
	Nantong	老鴉
	Malaysia	烏鴉
	Singapore	烏鴉
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	老哇, 黑老哇, 烏鴉
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	黑老哇
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	老哇
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	老哇
Cantonese	Guangzhou	烏鴉, 老鴉
	Hong Kong	烏鴉
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	老鴉
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	烏鴉
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	烏鴉
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	老鴉
	Macau	烏鴉
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	烏鴉
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	老鴉
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	呱乸
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	烏鴉
	Foshan	烏鴉
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	烏鴉
	Foshan (Shunde)	烏鴉
	Foshan (Sanshui)	鴉雀
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	烏鴉
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	烏鴉
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	烏鴉
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	烏鴉
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	烏鴉
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	烏鴉
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	烏鴉
	Taishan	烏鴉
	Kaiping (Chikan)	烏鴉
	Enping (Niujiang)	烏鴉
	Heshan (Yayao)	烏鴉
	Dongguan	烏鴉
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	烏鴉
	Shaoguan	烏鴉
	Yunfu	烏鴉
	Yangjiang	老鴉
	Xinyi	烏鴉
	Lianjiang	烏鴉
	Nanning	烏鴉
	Wuzhou	烏鴉
	Yulin	烏鴉
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	烏鴉
	Beihai	烏鴉
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	烏鴉, 老鴉
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	老鴉
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	烏鴉, 老鴉
	Dongxing	烏鴉
	Danzhou	老鴉
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	烏鴉
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	烏鴉
	Móng Cái	烏鴉, 老鴉
Gan	Nanchang	老鴉
	Lichuan	老鴉
	Pingxiang	老鴉, 鴉雀
Hakka	Meixian	老鴉
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	烏鴉
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	烏鴉
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	烏鴉
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	老鴉
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	烏鴉
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	烏鴉
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	烏鴉
	Wuhua (Changbu)	烏鴉
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	烏鴉
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	老鴉
	Liannan	老鴉
	Conghua (Lütian)	烏鴉
	Jiexi	老鴉
	Changting	烏鴉鵲
	Liancheng	老鴉
	Ninghua	老鴉子
	Yudu	老鴉
	Shicheng	老鴉
	Shangyou (Shexi)	老鴉
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	老鴉仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	烏鴉仔, 老鴉仔, 烏鴉
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	烏鴉
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	老鴉, 烏鴉
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	烏鴉
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	烏鴉
	Hong Kong	老鴉, 烏鴉
	Luchuan	烏鴉
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	老鴉, 烏鴉
	Sabah (Longchuan)	烏鴉
	Senai (Huiyang)	老鴉
	Singkawang	烏鴉
Huizhou	Jixi	老鴉
	Shexian	老鴉
	Tunxi	老鴉
	Xiuning	老鴉
	Yixian	老鴉
	Qimen	老鴉
	Wuyuan	老鴉
	Dexing	老鴉
Jin	Taiyuan	黑老哇
	Pingyao	黑老哇
	Xinzhou	黑澇鴉兒
	Taibus (Baochang)	黑老哇
	Linhe	黑老哇
	Jining	黑老哇
	Hohhot	黑老哇
	Baotou	烏鴉
	Dongsheng	黑老哇
	Haibowan	黑老哇
	Zhangjiakou	老哇
	Handan	老鴰
Northern Min	Jian'ou	老鴉
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	老鴉
	Songxi	老鴉
	Zhenghe	老鴉
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	老烏
	Jianyang	老鴉
	Wuyishan	老鴉
	Pucheng (Shibei)	老鴉
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	老鴉
	Changle	老鴉
	Fuqing	老鴉
	Yongtai	老鴰
	Gutian	老鴉
	Fu'an	老鴉
	Ningde	老鴉
	Shouning	老鴉
	Zhouning	老鴉
	Fuding	老鴉
Southern Min	Xiamen	烏鴉
	Quanzhou	烏鴉
	Zhangzhou	烏鴉
	Dongshan	烏鴉
	Taipei	烏鴉
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	烏鴉
	Kaohsiung	烏鴉, 烏鴉仔
	Yilan	烏鴉仔
	Kinmen	烏鴉
	Penghu (Magong)	烏鴉
	Penang (Hokkien)	烏鴉
	Singapore (Hokkien)	烏鴉, 歹鳥
	Manila (Hokkien)	烏鴉
	Zhangping	老鴉
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	老鴉
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	老鴉
	Chaozhou	烏鴉
	Haifeng	烏鴉
	Bangkok (Teochew)	烏鴉
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	烏鴉
	Leizhou	沙烏
	Wenchang	衫烏
	Qionghai	衫烏
Puxian Min	Putian	鶚卵, 烏鴉
Puxian Min	Xianyou	鶚卵
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	烏鴉
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	烏鴉, 老鴉
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	烏鴉
Shehua	Fu'an	老鴉
	Fuding	老鴉
	Luoyuan	老鴉
	Sanming	老鴉
	Shunchang	老鴉
	Hua'an	老鴉
	Guixi (Zhangping)	老鴉
	Cangnan	老鴉
	Jingning	老鴉
	Lishui	老鴉
	Longyou	老鴉
	Chaozhou	烏鴉
	Fengshun	老鴉
Wu	Shanghai	烏鴉, 老鴉
	Shanghai (Chongming)	老鴉
	Suzhou	老鴉, 烏鴉
	Danyang	烏老鴉, 烏鴉, 老鴉
	Hangzhou	烏老鴉, 烏老鴉兒, 烏鴉
	Ningbo	老鴉, 烏鴉
	Wenzhou	老鴉, 烏老鴉
	Jinhua	烏老鴉, 烏鴉
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	烏老鴉
Xiang	Changsha	老哇子, 老哇
	Loudi	老哇子, 老哇
	Shuangfeng	老哇子
	Quanzhou	烏鴉

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

鴉(karasu)

Kanji edit

鴉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: え (e)
Kan-on: あ (a)
Kun: からす (karasu, 鴉)

Compounds edit

鴉片(あへん) (ahen, “opium”)
鴉鷺(あろ) (aro, “crow and heron; black and white”)
寒鴉(かんあ) (kan'a, “winter crow”)
暁鴉(ぎょうあ) (gyōa, “crow cawing in the morning”)
宿鴉(しゅくあ) (shukua, “roosting crow”)
乱鴉(らんあ) (ran'a, “wildly flying crows”)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
鴉
からす Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 鴉 – see the following entry.

【からすカラス】

[noun] a crow or raven

Alternative spelling
烏

(This term, 鴉, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Kikai edit

Kanji edit

鴉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Noun edit

鴉(がらさー) or 鴉(がるさー) (garasā or garusā)

Alternative form of 烏

Korean edit

Hanja edit

鴉 • (a) (hangeul 아)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Northern Amami-Oshima edit

Kanji edit

鴉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Noun edit

鴉(からすぃ) (karasï)

Alternative form of 烏

Oki-No-Erabu edit

Kanji edit

鴉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Noun edit

鴉(がらし) (garashi)

Alternative form of 烏

Okinawan edit

Kanji edit

鴉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Noun edit

鴉(がらし) (garashi)

Alternative form of 烏

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

鴉: Hán Việt readings: nha^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
鴉: Nôm readings: a^[6], ác^[1]

chữ Hán form of nha (“crow, raven”).
Nôm form of ác (“crow, raven”).

References edit

Yonaguni edit

Kanji edit

鴉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Noun edit

鴉(がらち) (garachi)

Alternative form of 烏

[genibrel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Génibrel (1898).

[Thiều_Chửu_(1942)-2] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[Nguyễn_(1974)-3] Nguyễn (1974).

[Hồ_(1976)-4] Hồ (1976).

[Trần_(1999)-5] Trần (1999).

[Trần_(2004)-6] Trần (2004).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]