匈奴

Chinese

		Hungary; thorax; chest	slave
trad. (匈奴)		匈	奴
simp. #(匈奴)		匈	奴

Etymology

Schuessler (2014) reconstructs its 318 BCE pronunciation as *hoŋ-nâ and later *hɨoŋ-nɑ, which he suggests to be a Han or pre-Han transcription of foreign *Hŏna or *Hŭna, which may be connected to Sanskrit हूण (hūṇa), Huns, Latin Hunni, Ancient Greek Οὗννοι (Hoûnnoi) (ibid.; Pulleyblank, 2000).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Xiōngnú

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥ ㄋㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hung¹ nou⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Hiûng-nù
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Hiong-lô͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hiong¹ nou¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Xiōngnú
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥ ㄋㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Syongnú
    • Wade–Giles: Hsiung¹-nu²
    • Yale: Syūng-nú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shiongnu
    • Palladius: Сюнну (Sjunnu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ nu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hung¹ nou⁴
    • Yale: hūng nòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ nou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ nou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ nou̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hiûng-nù
    • Hakka Romanization System: hiung^ˊ nu^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hiung¹ nu²
    • Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴ nu¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hiong-lô͘
    • Tâi-lô: Hiong-lôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiongloo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ lɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hiong¹ nou¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiong nou
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hioŋ³³⁻²³ nou³³/

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• Middle Chinese: xjowng nu

Rime
Character	匈	奴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	許容切	乃都切
Baxter	xjowng	nu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨoŋ/	/nuo/
Pan Wuyun	/hioŋ/	/nuo/
Shao Rongfen	/xioŋ/	/no/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/huawŋ/	/nɔ/
Li Rong	/xioŋ/	/no/
Wang Li	/xĭwoŋ/	/nu/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯woŋ/	/nuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiōng	nú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung1	nou4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰoŋ  naː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nú
Middle Chinese	‹ nu ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁa/
English	slave
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	匈	奴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13890	9600
Phonetic component	凶	女
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	胷	奴
Old Chinese	/*qʰoŋ/	/*naː/
Notes	説文胷字見集韻

Proper noun

匈奴

1. (historical) Xiongnu (ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han dynasty)

Synonyms

• (Xin dynasty) 恭奴 (Gōngnú)
• (Zhou dynasty) 獫狁／猃狁, 玁狁／𤞤狁
• (Shang dynasty) 鬼方 (Guǐfāng)
• (Xia dynasty) 獯鬻 (Xūnyù), 葷粥／荤粥

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (匈奴):

• → Japanese: 匈(きょう)奴(ど) (Kyōdo)
• → Korean: 흉노(匈奴) (Hyungno)
• → Vietnamese: Hung Nô (匈奴)

→ English: Xiongnu

→ Russian: сю́нну (sjúnnu), сюнну́ (sjunnú)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
匈	奴
きょう Hyōgai	ど Grade: S
on'yomi

Kanji in this term
匈	奴
Hyōgai	Grade: S
irregular

Etymology 1

Proper noun

匈(きょう)奴(ど) • (Kyōdo) 

1. The Xiongnu peoples, the Huns

Etymology 2

Proper noun

匈奴(フンヌ) or 匈奴(フン) • (Funnu or Fun) 

1. Hun

Korean

Hanja in this term
匈	奴

Proper noun

匈奴 • (Hyungno) (hangeul 흉노)

1. hanja form^? of 흉노 (“Xiongnu”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
匈	奴

Proper noun

匈奴

1. chữ Hán form of Hung Nô (“Xiongnu”).