東

See also: 东 and 柬
東 U+6771, 東
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771
← 杰
[U+6770] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 杲 →
[U+6772]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

東 (radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻木日 or ⿻束一)

Derived charactersEdit

Related charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 513, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
  • Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1165, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6771

ChineseEdit

trad. 東
simp. 东
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 東
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phonetic borrowing – originally represented a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted), and was later borrowed phonetically to mean “east”. This borrowing may have been influenced by reinterpreting the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木), which is the traditional (though incorrect) etymology, as given in Shuowen.

EtymologyEdit

Cognate with Chepang थोङ्‌सा (thoŋ‑, “lighten; be bright”) and Chepang थोङ्‌ह (thoŋh, “awake time (as opposed to dream time)”) (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps related to or influenced by 暾 (OC *tʰuːn, “rising sun”).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • dĕ̤ng - colloquial;
  • dŭng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • tang - colloquial;
    • tong - literary.
    Note:
    • dang1 - colloquial;
    • dong1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    Rime
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 德紅切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/təwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dōng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁoŋ/ (< *tˁoŋʔ ?)
    English east

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2435
    Phonetic
    component         		東
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		東
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːŋ/
    Notes 種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽，
    參敕字陳字注

    DefinitionsEdit

    東

    1. east
    2. host
      做東 / 做东  ―  zuòdōng  ―  to be host
    3. landlord; owner
      房東 / 房东  ―  fángdōng  ―  landlord
      股東 / 股东  ―  gǔdōng  ―  shareholder
    4. (Teochew) side

    Coordinate termsEdit

    • (compass points)
    西北 北 東北
    西   東
    西南 南 東南


    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (東):
    • → Japanese: 東(とう) (tō)
    • → Korean: 동 (東, dong)
    • → Vietnamese: đông (東)

    Others:

    • Japanese: 東(トン) (ton, “east wind (mahjong tile)”)

    CompoundsEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひがし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /ɸiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/

    Sound shift from hingashi (see Etymology 2 below).

    Now the standard word for east.[1][2]

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東(ひがし) • (higashi) 

    1. the east (compass point)
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    2. the Orient
      Synonym: 東洋 (tōyō)
    3. an easterly (wind blowing from the east)
      Synonym: 東風 (kochi, kochikaze, tōfū, higashikaze)
    4. (sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    5. an Eastern Bloc country
      Synonym: 東側 (higashigawa)
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    6. (regional, historical) Kamakura and/or Edo, as opposed to Kyoto and Osaka
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    7. (theater) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Coordinate termsEdit
    • (compass points)
    西北(せいほく) (seihoku)/北西(ほくせい) (hokusei) 北(きた) (kita) 東北(とうほく) (tōhoku)/北東(ほくとう) (hokutō)
    西(にし) (nishi)   東(ひがし) (higashi)
    西南(せいなん) (seinan)/南西(なんせい) (nansei) 南(みなみ) (minami) 東南(とうなん) (tōnan)/南東(なんとう) (nantō)


    Derived termsEdit
    DescendantsEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東(ひがし) • (Higashi) 

    1. (historical) a red-light district in Edo located east of Edo Castle (today in Fukagawa, Kōtō Ward)
    2. (Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Kyoto
    3. a placename, especially the name of a ward in various cities throughout Japan
    4. a surname
    Derived termsEdit

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひんがし
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    *⟨pi1 muka si⟩ → */pʲimukasi/ → /pimʉɡasi/ → /ɸimʉɡaɕi/ → /ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /hiŋɡaɕi/

    Shift from Old Japanese 東 (*pi1mukasi).[1][2].

    NounEdit

    東(ひんがし) • (hingashi) 

    1. (obsolete) the east
    CitationsEdit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:東.

    Derived termsEdit

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    あずま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spellings
    吾妻
    吾嬬

    ⟨aduma⟩ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/

    From Old Japanese,[1][2] itself of unknown derivation.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東(あずま) • (azuma) ←あづま (aduma)?

    1. (archaic) the east
    2. (archaic) the lands east of the 都 (miyako, “imperial capital”)
    3. (regional, historical) during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the Kamakura region or its titular 幕府 (bakufu, “shogunate”), as opposed to the imperial capital of Kyoto
    4. (regional, historical) during the Edo period, the region around Edo
    5. Short for 東つ (azumatsu): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    6. Short for 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither
    7. Short for 東下駄 (azumageta): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Derived termsEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東(あずま) • (Azuma) ←あづま (aduma)?

    1. a placename
    2. a female given name
    3. a surname

    Etymology 4Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とう
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuŋ).

    PronunciationEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東(とう) • (Tō) 

    1. Short for 関東 (Kantō):: the Kantō region of Japan
    2. Short for 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions
    3. Short for 東京 (Tōkyō): Tokyo
    4. a surname
    Derived termsEdit

    NounEdit

    東(とう) • (tō) 

    1. (music) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    AffixEdit

    東(とう) • (tō) 

    1. east

    Derived termsEdit

    Etymology 5Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とん
    Grade: 2
    sōon

    From Mandarin 東 (dōng).

    Compare Wu 東 (ton), Hakka 東 (tûng), Min Nan 東 (tong).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東(トン) • (ton) 

    1. (mahjong) east wind (mahjong tile)
      Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
    2. (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
      Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
    Derived termsEdit
    See alsoEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東(とん) • (Ton) 

    1. a surname

    Etymology 6Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).

    Proper nounEdit

    東(あきら) • (Akira) 

    1. a surname
    2. a male given name

    Etymology 7Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of verb 上る, 登る (noboru, “to ascend, rise”).

    Proper nounEdit

    東(のぼる) • (Noboru) 

    1. a male given name

    Etymology 8Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin, start”).

    Proper nounEdit

    東(はじめ) • (Hajime) 

    1. a surname
    2. a male given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuŋ).

    Historical readings

    PronunciationEdit

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    東 (eumhun 동녘 동 (dongnyeok dong))

    1. Hanja form? of 동 (“east; eastern”).

    CompoundsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    OkinawanEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    あがり
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises or ascends.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あがり, rōmaji agari)

    1. east

    Old JapaneseEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    • 東風 (ayu, *koti, *kotikaze)

    Etymology 1Edit

    Ultimate derivation unknown.

    A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”, combining form) +‎ 端 (tuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.

    Alternative formsEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (aduma) (kana あづま)

    1. the east
    2. the lands east of the 都 (mi1yako1, “imperial capital”)
    CitationsEdit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:東.

    DescendantsEdit
    • Japanese: 東 (azuma)

    Etymology 2Edit

    Found in one poem of the Man'yōshū (c. 759 C.E.), but consistently spelled with this single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.

    Originally a compound of 日 (pi1, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face a direction”).[1][2] The final -si is possibly either the 風 (si) affix meaning “wind”, or a suffix indicating direction as in 昔 (mukasi, “past”).

    NounEdit

    東 (*pi1mukasi) (kana ひむかし)

    1. the east
    CitationsEdit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:東.

    DescendantsEdit
    • Japanese: 東 (hingashi → higashi)
    See alsoEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    東: Hán Nôm readings: đông, đang

    1. east; eastern

    YoronEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    EtymologyEdit

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises or ascends.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

    1. east
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