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東

See also: 东 and 柬
東 U+6771, 東
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771
← 杰
[U+6770] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 杲 →
[U+6772]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

東 (radical 75 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻束一)

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 513, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
  • Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1165, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6771

ChineseEdit

trad. 東
simp. 东

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 東
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phonetic borrowing – originally represented a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted), and was later borrowed phonetically to mean “east”. This borrowing may have been influenced by reinterpreting the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木), which is the traditional (though incorrect) etymology, as given in Shuowen.

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • tang - colloquial;
  • tong - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 德紅切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/təwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dōng
    Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˤoŋ/ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)
    English east

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2435
    Phonetic
    component         		東
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		東
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːŋ/
    Notes 種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽，參敕字陳字注

    DefinitionsEdit

    東

    1. east
    2. host
      做東 / 做东  ―  zuòdōng  ―  to be host
    3. landlord; owner
      房東 / 房东  ―  fángdōng  ―  landlord
      股東 / 股东  ―  gǔdōng  ―  shareholder
    4. (Teochew) side

    Coordinate termsEdit

    • 南 (nán, “south”)
    • 西 (xī, “west”)
    • 北 (běi, “north”)

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 東

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. east

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuŋ). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

    PronunciationEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana とう, rōmaji Tō)

    1. A surname​.
    2. Abbreviation of 関東 (Kantō): the Kantō region of Japan
    3. Abbreviation of 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひむかし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    */pimukasi/ → /fimukasi/ → /himukaɕi/

    From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū dated 759 CE, but consistently spelled with the single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.[1] Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, “facing, direction”, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face a direction”)) +‎ 風 (shi, “wind, direction”).[2][3]

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひむかし, rōmaji himukashi)

    1. (obsolete) east

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひんがし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /pimukasi/ → /pimuɡasi/ → /fimuɡasi/ → /finɡasi/ → /hinɡaɕi/

    Sound shift from earlier pimukasi.[2][3] Attested in The Tale of Genji, no later than 1021 CE.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひんがし, rōmaji hingashi)

    1. (obsolete) east
      • 10th century: Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)[4]
        むかし、東（ひんがし）の五条に大后の宮おはしましける、西の対に住む人有けり。

    Etymology 4Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひがし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /finɡasi/ → /hiɡaɕi/

    Sound shift from earlier hingashi. Now the standard word for east.[2][3]

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji higashi)

    1. east
    Derived termsEdit
    Terms derived from ひがし

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji Higashi)

    1. A surname​.
    2. any of various places in Japan

    Etymology 5Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    あずま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /aduma/ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/

    From Old Japanese.[2][3] Ultimate derivation unknown. A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”) + 端 (tsuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji azuma, historical hiragana あづま)

    1. (archaic) east
    2. (archaic, by extension) eastern Japan
    3. Abbreviation of 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither
    4. (archaic, possibly obsolete) the Edo area (specifically used in the Kansai region, especially around Kyōto and Ōsaka)

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji Azuma, historical hiragana あづま)

    1. A female given name
    2. A surname​.
    3. any of various places in Japan

    東 (hiragana あづま, rōmaji Azuma)

    1. A female given name
    2. A surname​.

    Etymology 6Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とん
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    Borrowing from Chinese 東, borrowed specifically as mahjong terminology. Compare Wu 東 (ton), Hakka 東 (tûng), Min Nan 東 (tong).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (katakana トン, rōmaji ton)

    1. (mahjong) east wind (tile)
    2. (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “hand”) of a triplet or quad of east wind tiles, see 役牌
    Derived termsEdit
    See alsoEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana とん, rōmaji Ton)

    1. A surname​.

    Etymology 7Edit

    Other various nanori readings.

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana あきら, rōmaji Akira)

    1. A surname​.
    2. A male given name

    東 (hiragana あず, rōmaji Azu)

    1. A female given name
    2. A surname​.

    東 (hiragana あずきよ, rōmaji Azukiyo)

    1. A female given name

    東 (hiragana こちざき, rōmaji Kochizaki)

    1. A surname​.

    東 (hiragana さき, rōmaji Saki)

    1. A female given name

    東 (hiragana たかとう, rōmaji Takatō)

    1. A surname​.

    東 (hiragana とうあ, rōmaji Tōa)

    1. A surname​.

    東 (hiragana とうはま, rōmaji Tōhama)

    1. A surname​.

    東 (hiragana のぼる, rōmaji Noboru)

    1. A male given name

    東 (hiragana はじめ, rōmaji Hajime)

    1. A surname​.
    2. A male given name

    東 (hiragana ひがしつる, rōmaji Higashitsuru)

    1. A surname​.

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 48), text here
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    4. ^ Horiuchi, Hideaki; Ken Akiyama (1997) Taketori Monogatari, Ise Monogatari, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    東 • (dong)

    1. east; eastern

    CompoundsEdit

    OkinawanEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    ReadingsEdit

    • Native: く (ku), くち (kuchi), あがり (agari)
    • Nonnative: とー (tō), とぅ (tu)

    CompoundsEdit

    • 東風 (くち, kuchi): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
    • 東風 (くちかじ, kuchikaji): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
    • 東京 (とーちょー, tōchō): Tokyo
    • 広東瓜 (くゎんとぅうい, kwantuui): watermelon

    EtymologyEdit

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

    1. east

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    東 (đông, đang)

    1. east; eastern

    YoronEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    ReadingsEdit

    • Native: あがり (agari)

    EtymologyEdit

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

    1. east
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