Wiktionary

東

See also: 东 and 柬
東 U+6771, 東
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771
← 杰
[U+6770] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 杲 →
[U+6772]

Translingual Edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character Edit

東 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻木日 or ⿻束一)

Derived characters Edit

Related characters Edit

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 513, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
  • Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1165, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6771

Chinese Edit

trad. 東
simp. 东
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin Edit

Historical forms of the character 東
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

The traditional origin, as given in Shuowen, interprets the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木). Some scholars stand by this; others challenge it, interpreting it as a phonetic borrowing of a character that originally represented either a bundle of faggots tied together or a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted). See the discussion in Allan (1991), pp. 47-50. Allan herself argues that evidence from the oracle bone inscriptions support the Shuowen, and that the tree represents the Fu Sang tree.

Given the second theory, 橐 now refers to the original word.

Etymology Edit

Cognate with Burmese ထွန်း (htwan:, “be bright”), Chepang थोङ्‌सा (thoŋ‑, “lighten; be bright”) and Chepang थोङ्‌ह (thoŋh, “awake time (as opposed to dream time)”) (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps related to or influenced by 暾 (OC *tʰuːn, “rising sun”).

Pronunciation Edit

Note:
  • dĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • dŭng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • tang - vernacular;
    • tong - literary.
    Note:
    • dang1 - vernacular;
    • dong1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 德紅切
    Baxter tuwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/təwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		dung1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁoŋ/ (< *tˁoŋʔ ?)
    English east

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2435
    Phonetic
    component         		東
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		東
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːŋ/
    Notes 種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽，
    參敕字陳字注

    Definitions Edit

    東

    1. east
    2. host
      做東／做东  ―  zuòdōng  ―  to be host
    3. landlord; owner
      房東／房东  ―  fángdōng  ―  landlord
      股東／股东  ―  gǔdōng  ―  shareholder
    4. (Teochew) side
    5. (～日) (telegraphy) the first day of a month

    Coordinate terms Edit

    西北 (xīběi) 北 東北／东北 (dōngběi)
    西 (xī)   東／东 (dōng)
    西南 (xīnán) 南 東南／东南 (dōngnán)


    Descendants Edit

    Sino-Xenic (東):
    • → Japanese: 東(とう) (tō)
    • → Korean: 동(東) (dong)
    • → Vietnamese: đông (東)

    Others:

    • Japanese: 東(トン) (ton, “east wind (mahjong tile)”)

    Compounds Edit

    Japanese Edit

    Kanji Edit

    東

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひがし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /ɸiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/

    Sound shift from hingashi (see Etymology 2 below).

    Now the standard word for east.[1][2]

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    東(ひがし) • (higashi) 

    1. the east (compass point)
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    2. the Orient
      Synonym: 東洋 (tōyō)
    3. an easterly (wind blowing from the east)
      Synonym: 東風 (kochi, kochikaze, tōfū, higashikaze)
    4. (sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    5. an Eastern Bloc country
      Synonym: 東側 (higashigawa)
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    6. (regional, historical) Kamakura and/or Edo, as opposed to Kyoto and Osaka
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    7. (theater) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Coordinate terms Edit
    西北(せいほく) (seihoku)
    北西(ほくせい) (hokusei)     		北(きた) (kita) 東北(とうほく) (tōhoku)
    北東(ほくとう) (hokutō)
    西(にし) (nishi)   東(ひがし) (higashi)
    西南(せいなん) (seinan)
    南西(なんせい) (nansei)     		南(みなみ) (minami) 東南(とうなん) (tōnan)
    南東(なんとう) (nantō)


    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms
    Descendants Edit

    Proper noun Edit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has articles on:
    Wikipedia jaWikipedia ja

    東(ひがし) • (Higashi) 

    1. a historical red-light district in Edo located east of Edo Castle, today in Fukagawa, Kōtō, Tokyo prefecture
    2. (Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): a Buddhist temple in Shimogyō, Kyoto, Japan
      Synonym: お東 (o-Higashi)
    3. Higashi (multiple places throughout Japan, especially referring to a ward in Okayama, Kumamoto, Sakai, Sapporo, Nagoya, Niigata, Hamamatsu, Hiroshima and Fukuoka)
    4. A former ward of Osaka, Japan
    5. a surname
      東(ひがし)音(おと)高(たか)
      Higashi Ototaka
      Ototaka Higashi, pediatrician known for Chédiak–Higashi syndrome

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひんがし
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    *⟨pi1 muka si⟩ → */pʲimukasi/ → /pimʉɡasi/ → /ɸimʉɡaɕi/ → /ɸiŋɡaɕi/ → /hiŋɡaɕi/

    Shift from Old Japanese 東 (*pi1mukasi).[1][2]

    Noun Edit

    東(ひんがし) • (hingashi) 

    1. (obsolete) the east
    Quotations Edit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:東.

    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    あずま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spellings
    吾妻
    吾嬬

    ⟨aduma⟩ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/

    From Old Japanese,[1][2] itself of unknown derivation.

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    東(あずま) • (azuma) ←あづま (aduma)?

    1. (archaic) the east
    2. (archaic) the lands east of the 都 (miyako, “imperial capital”)
    3. (regional, historical) during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the Kamakura region or its titular 幕府 (bakufu, “shogunate”), as opposed to the imperial capital of Kyoto
    4. (regional, historical) during the Edo period, the region around Edo
    5. Short for 東つ (azumatsu): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    6. Short for 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither
    7. Short for 東下駄 (azumageta): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms

    Proper noun Edit

    東(あずま) • (Azuma) ←あづま (aduma)?

    1. a placename
    2. a female given name
    3. a surname

    Etymology 4 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とう
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuwng).

    Pronunciation Edit

    Proper noun Edit

    東(とう) • (Tō) 

    1. Short for 関東 (Kantō):: the Kantō region of Japan
    2. Short for 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions
    3. Short for 東京 (Tōkyō): Tokyo
    4. a surname
    Derived terms Edit

    Noun Edit

    東(とう) • (tō) 

    1. (music) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Affix Edit

    東(とう) • (tō) 

    1. east
    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 5 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とん
    Grade: 2
    sōon

    From Mandarin 東／东 (dōng).

    Compare Wu 東／东 (ton), Hakka 東／东 (tûng), Min Nan 東／东 (tong).

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    東(トン) • (ton) 

    1. (mahjong) east wind (mahjong tile)
      Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
    2. (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
      Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
    Derived terms Edit
    See also Edit

    Proper noun Edit

    東(とん) • (Ton) 

    1. a surname

    Etymology 6 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).

    Proper noun Edit

    東(あきら) • (Akira) 

    1. A surname
    2. a male given name

    Etymology 7 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of verb 上る, 登る (noboru, “to ascend, rise”).

    Proper noun Edit

    東(のぼる) • (Noboru) 

    1. a male given name

    Etymology 8 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin, start”).

    Proper noun Edit

    東(はじめ) • (Hajime) 

    1. A surname
    2. a male given name

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean Edit

    Etymology Edit

    From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuwng).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 도ᇰ (Yale: twòng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 도ᇰ녁 (Yale: twòngnyèk) 도ᇰ (Yale: twòng)

    Pronunciation Edit

    Hanja Edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    東 (eumhun 동녘 동 (dongnyeok dong))

    1. Hanja form? of 동 (“east; eastern”).

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    References Edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Okinawan Edit

    Kanji Edit

    東

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Etymology Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    あがり
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises or ascends.

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    東(あがり) (agari) 

    1. east

    Old Japanese Edit

    Compounds Edit

    • 東風 (ayu, *koti, *kotikaze)

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Ultimate derivation unknown.

    A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”, combining form) +‎ 端 (tuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.

    Alternative forms Edit

    Noun Edit

    東 (aduma) (kana あづま)

    1. the east
    2. the lands east of the 都 (mi1yako1, “imperial capital”)
    Quotations Edit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:東.

    Descendants Edit
    • Japanese: 東 (azuma)

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Found in one poem of the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), but consistently spelled with this single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.

    Originally a compound of 日 (pi1, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face a direction”).[1][2] The final -si is possibly either the 風 (si) affix meaning “wind”, or a suffix indicating direction as in 昔 (mukasi, “past”).

    Noun Edit

    東 (*pi1mukasi) (kana ひむかし)

    1. the east
    Quotations Edit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:東.

    Descendants Edit
    • Japanese: 東 (hingashi → higashi)
    See also Edit

    References Edit

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Vietnamese Edit

    Han character Edit

    東: Hán Việt readings: đông[1][2][3][4][5][6]
    東: Nôm readings: đông[1][2][3], đang[3]

    1. chữ Hán form of đông (“east, eastern”).

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Trần (1999).
    5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
    6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).

    Yoron Edit

    Kanji Edit

    東

    Etymology Edit

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises or ascends.

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

    1. east
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