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東

See also: 东 and 柬
東 U+6771, 東
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771
← 杰
[U+6770] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 杲 →
[U+6772]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

東 (radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻木日 or ⿻束一)

Derived charactersEdit

Related charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 513, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
  • Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1165, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6771

ChineseEdit

trad. 東
simp. 东
 
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 東
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phonetic borrowing – originally represented a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted), and was later borrowed phonetically to mean “east”. This borrowing may have been influenced by reinterpreting the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木), which is the traditional (though incorrect) etymology, as given in Shuowen.

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • tang - colloquial;
  • tong - literary.
Note:
  • dang1 - colloquial;
  • dong1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 德紅切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/təwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dōng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁoŋ/ (< *tˁoŋʔ ?)
    English east

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 東
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2435
    Phonetic
    component         		東
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		東
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːŋ/
    Notes 種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽，
    參敕字陳字注

    DefinitionsEdit

    東

    1. east
    2. host
      做東 / 做东  ―  zuòdōng  ―  to be host
    3. landlord; owner
      房東 / 房东  ―  fángdōng  ―  landlord
      股東 / 股东  ―  gǔdōng  ―  shareholder
    4. (Teochew) side

    Coordinate termsEdit

    • 南 (nán, “south”)
    • 西 (xī, “west”)
    • 北 (běi, “north”)

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 東

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とう
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuŋ).

    PronunciationEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana とう, rōmaji Tō)

    1. Short for 関東 (Kantō): the Kantō region of Japan
    2. Short for 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions
    3. Short for 東京 (Tōkyō): Tokyo
    4. a surname
    Derived termsEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana とう, rōmaji tō)

    1. (music) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    AffixEdit

    東 (hiragana とう, rōmaji tō)

    1. east

    Derived termsEdit

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひがし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /finɡaɕi/ → /fiɡaɕi/ → /hiɡaɕi/

    Sound shift from hingashi (see below).

    Now the standard word for east.[1][2]

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji higashi)

    1. east (compass point)
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    2. the Orient
      Synonym: 東洋 (tōyō)
    3. an easterly (wind blowing from the east)
      Synonym: 東風 (kochi, kochikaze, tōfū, higashikaze)
    4. (sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    5. an Eastern Bloc country
      Synonym: 東側 (higashigawa)
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    6. (regional, historical) Kamakura and/or Edo, as opposed to Kyoto and Osaka
      Antonym: 西 (nishi)
    7. (theater) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji Higashi)

    1. (historical) a red-light district in Edo, where it is today in Fukagawa, Kōtō Ward
      as it was located east of Edo Castle
    2. (Buddhism) Short for 東本願寺 (Higashi Hongan-ji): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      Synonym: お東 (o-Higashi)
    3. a placename, especially the name of a ward in various cities throughout Japan
    4. a surname

    VerbEdit

    東する (suru conjugation, hiragana ひがしする, rōmaji higashi suru)

    1. to go east
    ConjugationEdit
    Conjugation of "東する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 東し ひがしし higashi shi
    Continuative (連用形) 東し ひがしし higashi shi
    Terminal (終止形) 東する ひがしする higashi suru
    Attributive (連体形) 東する ひがしする higashi suru
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 東すれ ひがしすれ higashi sure
    Imperative (命令形) 東せよ¹
    東しろ²         		ひがしせよ¹
    ひがししろ²         		higashi seyo¹
    higashi shiro²
    Key constructions
    Passive 東される ひがしされる higashi sareru
    Causative 東させる
    東さす         		ひがしさせる
    ひがしさす         		higashi saseru
    higashi sasu
    Potential 東できる ひがしできる higashi dekiru
    Volitional 東しよう ひがししよう higashi shiyō
    Negative 東しない ひがししない higashi shinai
    Negative continuative 東せず ひがしせず higashi sezu
    Formal 東します ひがしします higashi shimasu
    Perfective 東した ひがしした higashi shita
    Conjunctive 東して ひがしして higashi shite
    Hypothetical conditional 東すれば ひがしすれば higashi sureba
    ¹ Written imperative

    ² Spoken imperative

    Classical conjugation of "東す" (サ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Irrealis (未然形) 東せ ひがしせ figasise
    Continuative (連用形) 東し ひがしし figasisi
    Terminal (終止形) 東す ひがしす figasisu
    Attributive (連体形) 東する ひがしする figasisuru
    Realis (已然形) 東すれ ひがしすれ figasisure
    Imperative (命令形) 東せよ ひがしせよ figasiseyo
    Key constructions
    Negative 東せず ひがしせず figasisezu
    Contrasting conjunction 東すれど ひがしすれど figasisuredo
    Causal conjunction 東すれば ひがしすれば figasisureba
    Conditional conjunction 東せば ひがしせば figasiseba
    Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 東しき ひがししき figasisiki
    Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 東しけり ひがししけり figasisikeri
    Perfect tense (conscious action) 東しつ ひがししつ figasisitu
    Perfect tense (natural event) 東しぬ ひがししぬ figasisinu
    Perfect-continuative tense 東せり
    東したり    		 ひがしせり
    ひがししたり    		 figasiseri
    figasisitari

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    ひんがし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    *⟨pi1 muka si⟩ → */pʲimukasi/ → /pimʉɡasi/ → /fimʉɡaɕi/ → /finɡaɕi/ → /hinɡaɕi/

    Attested in The Tale of Genji (c. 1021).

    Shift from Old Japanese 東 (*pi1mukasi).[1][2]

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana ひんがし, rōmaji hingashi)

    1. (archaic, obsolete) east
      • 10th century, Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)[4]
        むかし、東 (ひむがし)の五 (ご)条 (でう)に大 (おほ)后 (きさい)の宮 (みや)おはしましける、西 (にし)の対 (たい)に住 (す)む人有 (ひとあり)けり。
        Mukashi, himʉgashi no gojō ni ōkisai no miya owashimashikeru, nishi no tai ni sumu hito arikeri.
        (please add an English translation of this example)
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 4Edit

    Hiragana modern あずま
    historical あづま
    Kanji 東
    吾妻
    吾嬬

    (This form in the box is either uncreated or lack a soft redirect to this page: 吾嬬.)

    Kanji in this term
    東
    あずま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    /aduma/ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/

    From Old Japanese,[1][2] itself of unknown derivation.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji azuma, historical hiragana あづま)

    1. (archaic) east
    2. (archaic) the lands east of the 都 (miyako, “capital”)
    3. (regional, historical) during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the Kamakura region or its titular 幕府 (bakufu, “shogunate”), as opposed to the imperial capital of Kyoto
    4. (regional, historical) during the Edo period, the region around Edo
    5. Short for 東つ (azumatsu): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    6. Short for 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither
    7. Short for 東下駄 (azumageta): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji Azuma, historical hiragana あづま)

    1. a placename
    2. a female given name
    3. a surname

    Etymology 5Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    とん
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    Borrowed from Mandarin 東 (dōng).

    Compare Wu 東 (ton), Hakka 東 (tûng), Min Nan 東 (tong).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (katakana トン, rōmaji ton)

    1. (mahjong) east wind (mahjong tile)
      Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
    2. (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
      Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
    Derived termsEdit
    See alsoEdit

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana とん, rōmaji Ton)

    1. a surname

    Etymology 6Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear”).

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana あきら, rōmaji Akira)

    1. a surname
    2. a male given name

    Etymology 7Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of verb 上る, 登る (noboru, “to ascend, rise”).

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana のぼる, rōmaji Noboru)

    1. a male given name

    Etymology 8Edit

    Kanji in this term
    東
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 始める (hajimeru, “to begin, start”).

    Proper nounEdit

    東 (hiragana はじめ, rōmaji Hajime)

    1. a surname
    2. a male given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    4. ^ Horiuchi, Hideaki; Ken Akiyama (1997) Taketori Monogatari, Ise Monogatari, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    東 • (dong)

    1. east; eastern

    CompoundsEdit

    OkinawanEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    • Native: く (ku), くち (kuchi), あがり (agari)
    • Nonnative: とー (tō), とぅ (tu)

    CompoundsEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, or ascends.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

    1. east

    Old JapaneseEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    Ultimate derivation unknown.

    A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”, combining form) +‎ 端 (tuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.

    Alternative formsEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (aduma) (kana あづま)

    1. east
      • 711–712, Kojiki (poem 100)
        ...本都延波阿米袁淤弊理那加都延波阿豆麻袁淤弊理志豆延波比那袁淤弊理...
        ...potuye pa ame2 wo ope1ri nakatuye pa aduma wo ope1ri siduye pa pi1na wo ope1ri...
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    2. the lands east of the 都 (mi1yako1, “capital”)
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 18, poem 4097), text here
        須賣呂伎能御代佐可延牟等阿頭麻奈流美知乃久夜麻爾金花佐久
        sume1ro2ki1 no2 mi1yo2 sakayemu to2 aduma naru Mi1tino2ku-yama ni kugane pana saku
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    DescendantsEdit
    • Japanese: 東 (azuma)

    Etymology 2Edit

    Found in one poem of the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE), but consistently spelled with this single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.

    Originally a compound of 日 (pi1, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, “facing, direction”, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku), “to face a direction”).[1][2] The final -si is possibly either 風 (si, “wind, direction”, obsolete) or the suffix し (-si), the adnominal form of き (-ki1, classical past tense indicator).

    NounEdit

    東 (*pi1mukasi) (kana ひむかし)

    1. east
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 48), text here
        東野炎立所見而反見為者月西渡
        *pi1mukasi no2 no1 ni kagi1ro1pi2 no2 tatu mi1yete kape1rimi1 sureba tuki2 katabuki1nu
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    DescendantsEdit
    • Japanese: 東 (hingashi → higashi)

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    東 (đông)

    1. east; eastern

    YoronEdit

    KanjiEdit

    東

    • Native: あがり (agari)

    EtymologyEdit

    From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, or ascends.

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

    1. east
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