東
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Contents
TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
東 (radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻束一)
Derived charactersEdit
- 倲(㑈), 凍(冻), 㖦, 埬(𪣆), 娻, 崠, 𢔅, 𢛔(𫹼), 㨂, 涷, 𤟈, 陳(陈), 腖(胨), 棟(栋), 𬌃, 𤦪, 𬨮, 𫞸, 䍶, 蝀(𬟽), 諌, 𧳣, 𧼓, 𨌿, 錬, 㯥, 𩜍, 𩣳, 鯟, 𫨽, 𮟽, 㼯, 𧡍(𬢈), 䰤, 鶇(鸫), 𫳒, 崬(岽), 氭(𣱝), 菄, 䦨, 𩭩, 𪂝
- 練 (Exception: Only for Japanese shinjitai. Other regions contain 柬 instead)
- 重 (Contains 東 as a phonetic)
Related charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 513, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
- Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1165, character 4
- Unihan data for U+6771
ChineseEdit
| trad. | 東 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 东 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 東 | ||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 東 | *toːŋ |
| 菄 | *toːŋ |
| 鶇 | *toːŋ |
| 倲 | *toːŋ |
| 涷 | *toːŋ, *toːŋs |
| 蝀 | *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ |
| 凍 | *toːŋ, *toːŋs |
| 鯟 | *toːŋ |
| 崠 | *toːŋ |
| 埬 | *toːŋ |
| 棟 | *toːŋs |
Phonetic borrowing – originally represented a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted), and was later borrowed phonetically to mean “east”. This borrowing may have been influenced by reinterpreting the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木), which is the traditional (though incorrect) etymology, as given in Shuowen.
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
東
Coordinate termsEdit
CompoundsEdit
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Goon: つう (tsū)
- Kan’on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
- Kun: あずま (azuma, 東)←あづま (aduma, historical); ひがし (higashi, 東, Jōyō); ひむかし (himukashi, 東); ひんがし (hingashi, 東)
- Nanori: あい (ai); あがり (agari); こ (ko); さき (saki); しの (shino); はじめ (hajime); はる (haru); ひが (higa); もと (moto)
CompoundsEdit
- 東方 (tōhō, “eastern direction”)
- 東南 (tōnan, “southeast”)
- 東亜 (Tōa, “East Asia”)
- 東洋 (tōyō, “Orient”)
- 東部 (tōbu, “eastern part”)
- 東西南北 (tōzainanboku, “east, west, south, and north”)
- 関東 (Kantō)
- 東風 (tōfū, “spring wind blowing from the east”)
- 中東 (Chūtō, “Middle East”)
- 東京 (Tōkyō, “Tokyo”)
- 東上 (tōjō, “going to Tokyo”)
- 東名高速道路 (Tō-Mei kōsoku dōro, “Tokyo-Nagoya Expressway”)
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 東 |
| とう Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuŋ).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
PronunciationEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
- Abbreviation of 関東 (Kantō): the Kantō region of Japan
- Abbreviation of 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 東 |
| ひむかし Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
*/pimukasi/ → /fimukasi/ → /himukaɕi/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū dated 759 CE, but consistently spelled with the single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.[1] Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) + 向か (muka, “facing, direction”, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face a direction”)) + 風 (shi, “wind, direction”).[2][3]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
東 (hiragana ひむかし, rōmaji himukashi)
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 東 |
| ひんがし Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
/pimukasi/ → /pimuɡasi/ → /fimuɡasi/ → /finɡasi/ → /hinɡaɕi/
Sound shift from earlier pimukasi.[2][3] Attested in The Tale of Genji, no later than 1021 CE.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
東 (hiragana ひんがし, rōmaji hingashi)
- (obsolete) east
- 10th century, Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)[4]
- むかし、東（ひんがし）の五条に大后の宮おはしましける、西の対に住む人有けり。
- 10th century, Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)[4]
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 東 |
| ひがし Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
/finɡasi/ → /hiɡaɕi/
Sound shift from earlier hingashi. Now the standard word for east.[2][3]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji higashi)
- east
- Antonym: 西 (nishi)
- wind blowing from the east
- Synonym: 東風 (ayu, kochi, kochikaze, tōfū, higashikaze)
- (sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke
- Antonym: 西 (nishi)
- (historical) an Eastern Bloc country
- Kamakura and historical Edo, as opposed to Kyoto and Osaka
- Antonym: 西 (nishi)
- (theater) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji Higashi)
- (historical) a red-light district in Edo, where it is today in Fukagawa, Kōtō Ward (as it was located east of Edo Castle)
- a surname
- a place name
Etymology 5Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 東 |
| あずま Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
/aduma/ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/
From Old Japanese.[2][3] Ultimate derivation unknown. A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”) + 端 (tsuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji azuma, historical hiragana あづま)
- (archaic) east
- (archaic, by extension) eastern Japan
- Short for 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither
- (archaic, possibly obsolete) the Edo area (specifically used in the Kansai region, especially around Kyōto and Ōsaka)
Proper nounEdit
東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji Azuma, historical hiragana あづま)
- a female given name
- a surname
- any of various places in Japan
東 (hiragana あづま, rōmaji Azuma)
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 6Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 東 |
| とん Grade: 2 |
| Irregular |
Borrowed from Chinese 東, borrowed specifically as mahjong terminology. Compare Wu 東 (ton), Hakka 東 (tûng), Min Nan 東 (tong).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- (mahjong) east wind (mahjong tile)
- Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
- (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
- Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Derived termsEdit
- 東風戦 (tonpūsen, “east-round game”)
See alsoEdit
- 風牌 (kazehai, “wind tiles”): 東 (ton, “east wind”), 南 (nan, “south wind”), 西 (shā, “west wind”), 北 (pē, “north wind”)
Proper nounEdit
- A surname.
Etymology 7Edit
Other various nanori readings.
Proper nounEdit
東 (hiragana あきら, rōmaji Akira)
- A surname.
- A male given name
- A female given name
- A surname.
東 (hiragana あずきよ, rōmaji Azukiyo)
- A female given name
東 (hiragana こちざき, rōmaji Kochizaki)
- A surname.
- A female given name
東 (hiragana たかとう, rōmaji Takatō)
- A surname.
- A surname.
東 (hiragana とうはま, rōmaji Tōhama)
- A surname.
東 (hiragana のぼる, rōmaji Noboru)
- A male given name
東 (hiragana はじめ, rōmaji Hajime)
- A surname.
- A male given name
東 (hiragana ひがしつる, rōmaji Higashitsuru)
- A surname.
ReferencesEdit
- ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 48), text here
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Horiuchi, Hideaki; Ken Akiyama (1997) Taketori Monogatari, Ise Monogatari, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
東 • (dong)
CompoundsEdit
- 정동 (征東, jeongdong)
- 정동 (正東, jeongdong)
- 정동방 (正東方, jeongdongbang)
- 제동야인 (齊東野人, jedong-yain)
- 동대문 (東大門, dongdaemun)
OkinawanEdit
KanjiEdit
東
ReadingsEdit
- Native: く (ku), くち (kuchi), あがり (agari)
- Nonnative: とー (tō), とぅ (tu)
CompoundsEdit
- 東風 (くち, kuchi): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
- 東風 (くちかじ, kuchikaji): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
- 東京 (とーちょー, tōchō): Tokyo
- 広東瓜 (くゎんとぅうい, kwantuui): watermelon
EtymologyEdit
From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)