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U+4E43, 乃
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E43

[U+4E42]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E44]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order (Mainland China)
 
Stroke order
Traditional Chinese and Japanese
 

Han characterEdit

(Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 17227, composition 丿)

Derived charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 81, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
  • Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E43

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
                   





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

From ancient 𠄎.

Etymology 1Edit

“you; your”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (you).
"then; now"
Related to Tibetan (na, postposition following temporal causes) (Coblin, 1986).

PronunciationEdit


Note:
  • nái - literary;
  • ná/nǎ - vernacular.
Note:
  • nai2 - “you, your”;
  • nai6 - “just; then; be”.
  • Wu

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /nai²¹⁴/
    Harbin /nai²¹³/
    Tianjin /nai¹³/
    Jinan /nɛ⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /nɛ⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /nai⁵³/
    Xi'an /nai⁵³/
    Xining /nɛ⁵³/
    Yinchuan /nɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /lɛ⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /nai⁵¹/
    Wuhan /nai⁴²/
    Chengdu /nai⁵³/
    Guiyang /nai⁴²/
    Kunming /næ⁵³/
    Nanjing /lae²¹²/
    Hefei /le̞²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /nai⁵³/
    Pingyao /næ⁵³/
    Hohhot /nɛ⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /na²³/
    Suzhou /ne̞⁵¹/
    Hangzhou /ne̞⁵³/
    Wenzhou /na³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /na³⁵/
    Tunxi
    Xiang Changsha /lai⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /nai⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /lai²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /nai⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /nɑi²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /nai²³/
    Nanning /nai²⁴/
    Hong Kong /nai²³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /nai⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /nai³²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /nai²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /nãi⁵³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /nai²¹³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (8)
    Final () (41)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () I
    Fanqie
    Baxter nojX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /nʌiX/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /nəiX/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /nɒiX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /nəjX/
    Li
    Rong
    /nᴀiX/
    Wang
    Li
    /nɒiX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /nɑ̆iX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    nǎi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    noi5
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    nǎi nǎi
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ nojX › ‹ nojX ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*nˁə(ŋ)ʔ/ /*nˁəʔ/
    English your then

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 9337
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*nɯːʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    1. (literary) you, your
    2. (literary) be
      失敗成功之母失败成功之母  ―  shībài nǎi chénggōng zhī mǔ  ―  failure is the mother of success
    3. (literary) then; hence
      Synonym: 於是于是 (yúshì)
    4. (literary) only then; not ... until
      Synonym: (cái)
    5. (literary) but
    6. (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
      Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
    7. (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
        ―  nǎiméng  ―  (cute-sounding variant of 你們) you (plural)
    8. (Shanghainese Wu) now
      從前 [Shanghainese, trad.]
      从前 [Shanghainese, simp.]
      From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 14
      [z̥ʊŋ²² ʑ̥i⁴⁴ ɦi²³ v̥əʔ¹¹ kø²³ tʰiɔ³³ ɡ̊v̩ʷ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹ ne̞²³ ɦi²³ v̥əʔ¹¹ pʰo²³ ləʔ¹²] [IPA]
      A long time ago he was scared to jump over, but now he isn't.
      This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

    SynonymsEdit

    Etymology 2Edit

    PronunciationEdit


    DefinitionsEdit

    1. (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of (“which; where”).

    CompoundsEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    (“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

    1. from
    2. possessive particle
    3. whereupon
    4. accordingly
    5. you

    ReadingsEdit

    Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi1 oi2:

    See alsoEdit

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    (eumhun 이에 (ie nae))

    1. Hanja form? of (then).
    2. Hanja form? of (really, indeed).
    3. Hanja form? of (as it turned out, after all).

    ReferencesEdit

    Old KoreanEdit

    Alternative formsEdit

    VerbEdit

    (*nwoy-)

    1. to speak; to say
      • c. 1250, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Golden Light Sutra:
        [言]善男子五種法
        PWUTHYE-n nwoy-si-l SYEN.NAM.CO-ya WO.CYONG.PEP-ur UY[?]-a
        As for the Buddha, his [honored] sayings: "O good men! Rely on the Five Laws, and..."
        (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

    DescendantsEdit

    • Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, to say repeatedly)
    • Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, to repeat the same thing)
    • Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, to say whatever comes to mind)

    Further readingEdit

    • 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018), “<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
    • 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009) 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
    • 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014), “구결자료의 어휘 [Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    : Hán Việt readings: nãi[1][2][3][4][5][6], ái[2]
    : Nôm readings: náy[4][6], nãy[4], nảy[4][6][6], nải[1][7][6], nấy[4][6][6], nới[4][6]

    1. chữ Hán form of nãi (but; then).
    2. chữ Hán form of nãi (you).

    ReferencesEdit