乃
| ||||||||
TranslingualEdit
| Stroke order (Mainland China) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| Stroke order | |||
Traditional Chinese and Japanese
| |||
Han characterEdit
乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 17227, composition ⿹㇡丿)
Derived charactersEdit
- 仍, 奶, 屷, 𢖱, 扔, 𣱽, 𣅅, 㭁, 㲌, 𤆈, 𠂫, 𤜠, 辸, 礽, 䄧, 𧘌, 𥾋, 𮋣, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𠂪, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𫡐, 𫡝, 㞧, 艿, 氖, 𫶵, 疓, 秀, 𬔬, 隽, 𮥸, 䯮, 𫡄, 𭑩, 及, 夃, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 㚉, 鼐
DescendantsEdit
- の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 81, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
- Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E43
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
乃 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 乃 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
From ancient 𠄎.
Etymology 1Edit
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "then; now"
- Related to Tibetan ན (na, “postposition following temporal causes”) (Coblin, 1986).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
乃
- (literary) you, your
- 王師北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1210, 陸游 (Lu You), 示兒
- Wángshī běi dìng zhōngyuán rì, jiājì wú wàng gào nǎi wēng. [Pinyin]
- On the day the Song army reconquers the Central Plain in the North, do not forget to inform your father when making offerings to your ancestors.
王师北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) be
- 呂公女乃呂后也，生孝惠帝、魯元公主。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
- The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) then; hence
- 相如度秦王雖齋，決負約不償城，乃使其從者衣褐，懷其璧，從徑道亡，歸璧於趙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
- Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) only then; not ... until
- 趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
- The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
- Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
沛公谓张良曰：“从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) but
- 不見子都，乃見狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
- I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
不见子都，乃见狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
- 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
- Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
- They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
- (Shanghainese Wu) now
SynonymsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
乃
- (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”).
CompoundsEdit
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
乃
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)
- from
- possessive particle
- whereupon
- accordingly
- you
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ない (nai)
- Kan-on: だい (dai)
- On: え (e)
- Kun: お (o, 乃); すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち); なんじ (nanji, 乃)←なんぢ (nandi, 乃, historical)←なむち (namuti, 乃, ancient); の (no, 乃)
- Nanori: おさむ (osamu)←をさむ (wosamu, historical); のり (nori)
Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi1 oi2:
See alsoEdit
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
- Hanja form? of 내 (“then”).
- Hanja form? of 내 (“really, indeed”).
- Hanja form? of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”).
ReferencesEdit
Old KoreanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
VerbEdit
乃 (*nwoy-)
DescendantsEdit
- Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
- ⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
- ⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)
Further readingEdit
- 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018), “<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
- 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009) 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
- 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014), “구결자료의 어휘 [Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi[1][2][3][4][5][6], ái[2]
乃: Nôm readings: náy[4][6], nãy[4], nảy[4][6][6], nải[1][7][6], nấy[4][6][6], nới[4][6]