曏

See also: 向

曏 U+66CF, 曏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66CF ← 曎 [U+66CE] CJK Unified Ideographs 曐 → [U+66D0]

Translingual

Han character

曏 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 日女竹中 (AVHL), four-corner 6022₇, composition ⿱日鄉)

References

• KangXi: page 500, character 27
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14195
• Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 18
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1534, character 21
• Unihan data for U+66CF

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Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 曏
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (鄉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
曏	*qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs
鄉	*qʰaŋ
薌	*qʰaŋ
膷	*qʰaŋ
響	*qʰaŋʔ
饗	*qʰaŋʔ
蠁	*qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs
嚮	*qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs
卿	*kʰraŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qʰjaŋʔ, *qʰjaŋs, *qʰaŋʔ, *qʰaŋs): semantic 日 + phonetic 鄉 (OC *qʰaŋ).

Etymology 1

trad.		曏
simp.		向*

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàng, xiǎng (xiang⁴, xiang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ, ㄒㄧㄤˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xiàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianq
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàng
    • Wade–Giles: hsiang4
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɑŋ⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xiǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˇ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheang
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siǎng
    • Wade–Giles: hsiang3
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɑŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoeng³
    • Yale: heung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hêng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœ̽ːŋ³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /hɨɐŋ^X/, /hɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	曏	曏
Reading #	1/4	4/4
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	許兩切	許亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋX/	/hɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋX/	/hiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋX/	/xiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋX/	/hɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/xiaŋX/	/xiaŋH/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋX/	/xĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋX/	/xi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiǎng	xiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng2	hoeng3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥aŋʔ/, /*n̥aŋʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaŋʔ/, /*qʰaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曏	曏
Reading #	3/4	4/4
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiǎng	xiàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjangX ›	‹ xjangH ›
Old Chinese	/*n̥aŋʔ/ (W dialect: *n̥- > MC x-)	/*n̥aŋʔ-s/ (W dialect: *n̥- > MC x-)
English	a short time	a short time
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曏	曏
Reading #	3/4	4/4
No.	13603	13604
Phonetic component	鄉	鄉
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	響	向
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋʔ/	/*qʰaŋs/

Definitions

曏

1. in the near past; in the past; formerly
2. facing; against

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shǎng (shang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: shǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄤˇ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shaang
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shǎng
    • Wade–Giles: shang3
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɑŋ²¹⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɕɨɐŋ^X/, /ɕɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	曏	曏
Reading #	2/4	3/4
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	書兩切	式亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨɐŋX/	/ɕɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiɐŋX/	/ɕiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕiɑŋX/	/ɕiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕɨaŋX/	/ɕɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/ɕiaŋX/	/ɕiaŋH/
Wang Li	/ɕĭaŋX/	/ɕĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯aŋX/	/ɕi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shǎng	shàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	soeng2	soeng3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥aŋʔ/, /*n̥aŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰjaŋʔ/, /*qʰjaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曏	曏
Reading #	1/4	2/4
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shǎng	shàng
Middle Chinese	‹ syangX ›	‹ syangH ›
Old Chinese	/*n̥aŋʔ/	/*n̥aŋ-s/
English	a short time	a short time
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曏	曏
Reading #	1/4	2/4
No.	13594	13595
Phonetic component	鄉	鄉
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	賞	餉
Old Chinese	/*qʰjaŋʔ/	/*qʰjaŋs/

Definitions

曏

1. short period of time

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Japanese

Kanji

曏

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. once upon time
2. period of time

Readings

• On (unclassified): きょう (kyō), こう (kō), しょう (shō)
• Kun: さきに (sakini)

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Korean

Hanja

曏 • (hyang, sang) (hangeul 향, 상, revised hyang, sang, McCune–Reischauer hyang, sang)

1. lean towards
2. advance
3. see, look at

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Vietnamese

Han character

曏: Hán Nôm readings: hướng

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