亮

See also: 𠅙

亮	U+4EAE, 亮 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAE

← 亭
[U+4EAD]

CJK Unified Ideographs

亯 →
[U+4EAF]

亮	U+F977, 亮 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F977

← 略
[U+F976]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

兩 →
[U+F978]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order (Mainland China)

Alternative formsEdit

In mainland China, the bottom component is written 几 while in other regions, the bottom component is written 儿 which is the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at U+F977 for a duplicate code point in the KS X 1001 character set used in South Korea.

Han characterEdit

亮 (radical 8, 亠+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜口月山 (YRBU), four-corner 0021₇, composition ⿳亠口冗 or ⿱⿳亠口冖几(G) or ⿱⿳亠口冖儿(HTJK or U+F977))

Derived charactersEdit

𬾻, 喨, 湸, 𫮌, 𫱍, 𢝋, 𪱧, 𭦾, 𪳄, 煷, 𤦻, 𭿏, 𮎝, 𮖞, 𭀴, 𭧓, 𮛽, 𨩎, 𭿧, 𩹗

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 89, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 304
Dae Jaweon: page 188, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 286, character 3
Unihan data for U+4EAE

Unihan data for U+F977

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		亮
alternative forms		𠅙

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 亮

**Bronze inscriptions**
b13614	b13615

**Small seal script**
s06359

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L37007	L37008	L37009	L24090	L24091	L24092	L24093	L24094
L24095	L24096	L24097

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *raŋs): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ, “building; tower”).

EtymologyEdit

Part of an Austroasiatic word family; compare Khmer [script needed] (-rāṃṅa, “to be light; to be bright”) (Schuessler, 2007), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *raaŋʔ (“light; to shine”); as well as:

ស្រាំង (srang, “to be pale; to be colourless”) with 爽 (OC *sraŋʔ),
[script needed] (brāṅa, “to grow light (after dark)”) with 炳 (OC *praŋʔ).
បំព្រាង (bɑmpriəng, “to shed a pale light”) with 明 (OC *mraŋ).

Alternatively, STEDT compares it to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): liàng, liáng (liang⁴, liang²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˋ, ㄌㄧㄤˊ

(Chengdu, SP): niang⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng⁶
Gan (Wiktionary): liong⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): liong

(Meixian, Guangdong): liong⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): lion³
Min Bei (KCR): liōng
Min Dong (BUC): liông
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): liāng / liōng

(Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): lian (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): lian⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: liàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˋ
  - Wade–Giles: liang⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lianq
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: liáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
  - Wade–Giles: liang²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɑŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: niang⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niaŋ²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: loeng⁶
  - Yale: leuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœ̽ːŋ²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: liong⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɔŋ¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liong
  - Hakka Romanization System: liong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: liong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: liong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /liɔŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lion³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: liōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɔŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: liông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃uɔŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liāng
  - Tâi-lô: liāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liang
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liaŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liaŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liaŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liōng
  - Tâi-lô: liōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liong
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ³³/

Note:

Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwan:
- liāng - colloquial;
- liōng - literary.

(Teochew)

Peng'im: liang⁶
Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liăng
Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ³⁵/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: lian (T3)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /liã²³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: lian⁵
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /liæn²¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 亮
Mandarin	Beijing	/liɑŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/liaŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/liɑŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/liaŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/liaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/liaŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/liaŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/liɔ̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/liɑŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/liɑ̃¹³/
	Ürümqi	/liɑŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/niaŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/niaŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/niaŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/liã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/liaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/liɑ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liɒ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/liɑŋ³⁵/ /luə³⁵/
	Hohhot	/liɑ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/liã²³/
	Suzhou	/liã³¹/
	Hangzhou	/liɑŋ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/li²²/
Hui	Shexian	/lia²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/liau¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/lian⁵⁵/ /lian¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nian²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/liɔŋ²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/lioŋ⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lioŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lœŋ²²/
	Nanning	/lœŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/lœŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/liɔŋ²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/luɔŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/liɔŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/liaŋ³⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/liaŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	亮
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力讓切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/liɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/liɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/liaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/lĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liàng

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*raŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	亮
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liàng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]aŋ-s/
English	brightness
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	亮
Reading #	1/1
No.	8062
Phonetic component	亮
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	亮
Old Chinese	/*raŋs/

DefinitionsEdit

亮

bright; brilliant; radiant
loud and clear
(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Xiang) lamp; light
to shine; to illuminate
天色已暗啦　星星也亮啦 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
From: 張露 (lyricist 秦冠), 《小小羊兒要回家》
tiānsè yǐ àn la; xīngxing yě liàng la [Pinyin]
The sky has already darkened, and the stars have begun to show

亮島 / 亮岛 [Min Dong] ― Liông-dō̤ (BUC) ― Liang Island, Beigan, Lienchiang (Matsu), ROC (Taiwan)
(neologism) to be the highlight; to be epic
to make one's voice loud and clear; to raise one's voice
to reveal; to disclose
A surname.

SynonymsEdit

(bright):

Dialectal synonyms of 亮 (“bright”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		亮
Mandarin	Beijing	亮
	Taiwan	亮
	Jinan	亮
	Xi'an	亮
	Wuhan	亮, 光
	Chengdu	亮
	Yangzhou	亮
	Hefei	亮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	光
	Hong Kong	光
	Yangjiang	光
Hakka	Meixian	光
Jin	Taiyuan	亮
Min Bei	Jian'ou	光
Min Dong	Fuzhou	光
Min Nan	Xiamen	光
	Penang (Hokkien)	光
	Philippines (Manila Hokkien)	光
	Chaozhou	光
Wu	Suzhou	亮
Wu	Wenzhou	光
Xiang	Changsha	亮, 光
Xiang	Shuangfeng	亮, 光