嚮

See also: 向

嚮	U+56AE, 嚮 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56AE

← 嚭
[U+56AD]

CJK Unified Ideographs

嚯 →
[U+56AF]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

嚮 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 女中竹月口 (VLHBR), four-corner 2722₇, composition ⿱鄉向)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 213, character 38
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4565
Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 698, character 8
Unihan data for U+56AE

Chinese edit

trad.		嚮
simp.		向^*
alternative forms		向 ancient

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (鄉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
曏	qʰjaŋʔ, qʰjaŋs, qʰaŋʔ, qʰaŋs
鄉	*qʰaŋ
薌	*qʰaŋ
膷	*qʰaŋ
響	*qʰaŋʔ
饗	*qʰaŋʔ
蠁	qʰaŋʔ, qʰaŋs
嚮	qʰaŋʔ, qʰaŋs
卿	*kʰraŋ

Etymology 1 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàng (xiang⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴
  - Yale: syàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianq
  - Palladius: сян (sjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoeng³
  - Yale: heung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: xjangH

Rime
Character	嚮
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許亮切
Baxter	xjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/xiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰaŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	嚮
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ-s/
English	to face, approach
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	嚮
Reading #	2/2
No.	13606
Phonetic component	鄉
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	向
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋs/
Notes	鄉轉註分化字

Definitions edit

嚮

to turn toward; to approach
- 故學者以聖王為師，案以聖王之制為法，法其法以求其統類，以務象效其人。嚮是而務，士也；類是而幾，君子也；知之，聖人也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  故学者以圣王为师，案以圣王之制为法，法其法以求其统类，以务象效其人。向是而务，士也；类是而几，君子也；知之，圣人也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE
  Gù xuézhě yǐ shèngwáng wèi shī, àn yǐ shèngwáng zhī zhì wèi fǎ, fǎ qí fǎ yǐ qiú qí tǒnglèi, yǐ wù xiàng xiào qí rén. Xiàng shì ér wù, shì yě; lèi shì ér jǐ, jūnzǐ yě; zhī zhī, shèngrén yě. [Pinyin]
  Therefore, a person who studies takes the sage kings to be his teachers, relies on the sage kings' institutions to make laws, carries out his laws by seeking out their precepts, and endeavors to imitate and conform to their conduct as people. The shì is the one who turns towards them and endeavors to be like them; the jūnzǐ is the one who is akin to them and approximates them; and the sage is he who understands them.
toward; facing; against
direction, side, face
to look out on
in the past; previously
- 嚮子之言穆如清風，不悖我語，和暢我心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  向子之言穆如清风，不悖我语，和畅我心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Han shi waizhuan, 1^nd century BCE
  Xiàng zǐ zhī yán mù rú qīngfēng, bù bèi wǒ yǔ, héchàng wǒ xīn. [Pinyin]
  Previously, your words were harmonious like the clear wind. You did not go against what I had said, and you soothed my heart.

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiǎng (xiang³)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siǎng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang³
  - Yale: syǎng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheang
  - Palladius: сян (sjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoeng²
  - Yale: héung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: xjangX

Rime
Character	嚮
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許兩切
Baxter	xjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/xiaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng²