| surname; encroach; soar | severe | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (淩厲/凌厲) | 淩/凌 | 厲 | |
| simp. (凌厉) | 凌 | 厉 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 淩 | 厲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 祭 (35) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力膺切 | 力制切 |
| Baxter | ling | ljejH |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/lɨŋ/ | /liᴇiH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/lɨŋ/ | /liɛiH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/lieŋ/ | /ljæiH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/liŋ/ | /liajH/ |
| Li Rong |
/liəŋ/ | /liɛiH/ |
| Wang Li |
/lĭəŋ/ | /lĭɛiH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/li̯əŋ/ | /li̯ɛiH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
líng | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
ling4 | lai6 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 厲 | 厲 | 厲 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
lì | lì | lì |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ ljejH › | ‹ ljejH › | ‹ ljejH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[r]at-s/ | /*[r]at-s/ | /*[r]at-s/ |
| English | cruel | grindstone | epidemic |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 淩 | 厲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8249 | 12621 |
| Phonetic component |
夌 | 萬 |
| Rime group |
蒸 | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
陵 | 例 |
| Old Chinese |
/*rɯŋ/ | /*m·rads/ |
淩厲
淩厲