Wiktionary

力

See also: カ, 九, 丸, and ㄌ
力 U+529B, 力
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-529B
← 劚
[U+529A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 劜 →
[U+529C]
⼒ U+2F12, ⼒
KANGXI RADICAL POWER
← ⼑
[U+2F11] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼓ →
[U+2F13]
力 U+F98A, 力
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98A
← 黎
[U+F989] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 曆 →
[U+F98B]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 19 力

力 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition ⿻𠃌丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #19, ⼒.

Derived charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

See alsoEdit

  • カ (Japanese katakana)

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 146, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+529B

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 力
alternative forms 𠠲
⿻力丶
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 力
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
               
Characters in the same phonetic series (力) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
勒 *rɯːɡ
肋 *rɯːɡ
扐 *rɯːɡ
仂 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
艻 *rɯːɡ
朸 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
玏 *rɯːɡ
泐 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
阞 *rɯːɡ
竻 *rɯːɡ
力 *rɯɡ
屴 *rɯɡ
鳨 *rɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Sichuan Yi ꊋ (we); Northern Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”). A causative derivative is 飭 (OC rhək) (Shcuessler, 2007).

Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • lì - literary;
  • sā̤ - vernacular.
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • la̍t - vernacular;
    • le̍k/lia̍k - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 力
    Mandarin Beijing /li⁵¹/
    Harbin /li⁵³/
    Tianjin /li⁵³/
    Jinan /li²¹/
    Qingdao /li⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /li²⁴/
    Xi'an /li²¹/
    Xining /l̩⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /li¹³/
    Lanzhou /li¹³/
    Ürümqi /li²¹³/
    Wuhan /ni²¹³/
    Chengdu /ni³¹/
    Guiyang /ni²¹/
    Kunming /li³¹/
    Nanjing /liʔ⁵/
    Hefei /liəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /liəʔ²/
    Pingyao /liʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /liəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /liɪʔ¹/
    Suzhou /liəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /liəʔ²/
    Wenzhou /lei²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /li²²/
    Tunxi /li¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /li²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ni²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /liʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /lit̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /lit̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /lek̚²/
    Nanning /lek̚²²/
    Hong Kong /lik̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lik̚⁵/
    /lat̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /liʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /li⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /lak̚⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /lek̚⁵/
    /lak̚³/
    Rime
    Character 力
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 蒸 (134)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 林直切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɨk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lɨk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/liek̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lik̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/liək̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/lĭək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/li̯ək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		lì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lik6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 力
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		lì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lik ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*k.rək/
    English strength

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 力
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7854
    Phonetic
    component         		力
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		力
    Old
    Chinese         		/*rɯɡ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    力

    1. physical strength; physical power; energy
      她個子雖小但力大驚人。 [MSC, trad.]
      她个子虽小但力大惊人。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā gèzǐ suī xiǎo dàn lì dà jīngrén. [Pinyin]
      For a small woman she has surprising strength.
    2. force; strength; power
      汽力  ―  qìlì  ―  steam power
      藥力／药力  ―  yàolì  ―  efficacy of a drug
      力量  ―  lìliàng  ―  power
      攻擊力／攻击力  ―  gōngjīlì  ―  firepower
    3. (physics) force
      這個力的方向與位移相同。 [MSC, trad.]
      这个力的方向与位移相同。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè ge lì de fāngxiàng yǔ wèiyí xiāngtóng. [Pinyin]
      This force is the same direction as the displacement.
    4. ability; capability
      能力  ―  nénglì  ―  ability
      他對古董很有鑑賞力。 [MSC, trad.]
      他对古董很有鉴赏力。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā duì gǔdǒng hěn yǒu jiànshǎng lì. [Pinyin]
      He has an eye for antiques.
    5. power and influence; might
    6. (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
    7. with all one's might; doing all in one's power
      力爭／力争  ―  lìzhēng  ―  to work hard for
      力挽狂瀾／力挽狂澜  ―  lìwǎnkuánglán  ―  to do one's utmost to save a desperate situation
    8. a surname: Li

    SynonymsEdit

    • (physical strength):
    Synonyms of 力
    • (ability):
    Synonyms of 力
    • (function):
    • (to make an effort):
    Synonyms of 力

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 力

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (力):
    • → Japanese: 力(りき) (riki)
    • → Korean: 력(力) (ryeok), 역(力) (yeok)
    • → Vietnamese: lực (力)

    Others:

    ReferencesEdit

    JapaneseEdit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    KanjiEdit

    力

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. power, force, strength

    ReadingsEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    力
    ちから
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) +‎ 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    力(ちから) • (chikara) 

    1. strength; power; force
    2. (physics) force
    3. ability; capacity
    4. effort
    5. (tarot): Strength
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Proper nounEdit

    力(ちから) • (Chikara) 

    1. a male given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    力
    りき
    Grade: 1
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik6.

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    力(りき) • (riki) 

    1. power, strength
      力(りき)学(がく)、力(りき)士(し)、二馬(にば)力(りき)
      rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
      “power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower

    NounEdit

    力(りき) • (riki) 

    1. physical strength
    2. (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
    3. (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
    4. short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
    5. (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
    6. (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    力
    りょく
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 力 (lì), but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than 力 (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or Korean reading ryeok.

    Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    力(りょく) • (ryoku) 

    1. strength, power
      力(りょく)争(そう)、権(けん)力(りょく)
      ryokusō, kenryoku
      “strength struggle” (a hard fight), “right power” (authority)
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    From Middle Chinese 力 (MC lɨk̚). Perhaps more specifically from Late Middle Chinese 力 (LMC *liə̌k).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륵〮 (Yale: lúk)

    PronunciationEdit

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    力 (eumhun 힘 력 (him ryeok), South Korea 힘 역 (him yeok))

    1. Hanja form? of 력/역 (“power; force”). [affix]

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    力: Hán Việt readings: lực (林(lâm)直(trực)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    力: Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of lực (“physical force”).
    2. Nôm form of sức (“strength; power”).

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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