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U+529B, 力
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-529B

[U+529A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+529C]
U+2F12, ⼒
KANGXI RADICAL POWER

[U+2F11]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F13]
U+F98A, 力
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98A

[U+F989]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F98B]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 19, +0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition 𠃌丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #19, .

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

See also edit

  • (Japanese katakana)

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+529B

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𠠲
⿻力丶
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
               

Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough.

Etymology edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (strength; to win; classifier for people) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, strength; force); Proto-Loloish *ra² (strength), whence Nuosu (we); Panyi Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², strength); Central Bai hhep (strength). A causative derivative is (OC rhək) (Shcuessler, 2007).

Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).

Pronunciation edit


Note:
  • lì - literary;
  • sā̤ - vernacular.
  • Eastern Min
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • la̍t - vernacular;
    • le̍k/lia̍k - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /li⁵¹/
    Harbin /li⁵³/
    Tianjin /li⁵³/
    Jinan /li²¹/
    Qingdao /li⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /li²⁴/
    Xi'an /li²¹/
    Xining /l̩⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /li¹³/
    Lanzhou /li¹³/
    Ürümqi /li²¹³/
    Wuhan /ni²¹³/
    Chengdu /ni³¹/
    Guiyang /ni²¹/
    Kunming /li³¹/
    Nanjing /liʔ⁵/
    Hefei /liəʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /liəʔ²/
    Pingyao /liʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /liəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /liɪʔ¹/
    Suzhou /liəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /liəʔ²/
    Wenzhou /lei²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /li²²/
    Tunxi /li¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /li²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ni²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /liʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /lit̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /lit̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /lek̚²/
    Nanning /lek̚²²/
    Hong Kong /lik̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lik̚⁵/
    /lat̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /liʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /li⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /lak̚⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /lek̚⁵/
    /lak̚³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (37)
    Final () (134)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter lik
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /lɨk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /lɨk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /liek̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /lik̚/
    Li
    Rong
    /liək̚/
    Wang
    Li
    /lĭək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /li̯ək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    lik6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ lik ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*k.rək/
    English strength

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 7854
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*rɯɡ/

    Definitions edit

    1. physical strength; physical power; energy
      個子驚人 [MSC, trad.]
      个子惊人 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā gèzǐ suī xiǎo dàn dà jīngrén. [Pinyin]
      For a small woman she has surprising strength.
    2. force; strength; power
        ―    ―  steam power
        ―  yào  ―  efficacy of a drug
        ―  liàng  ―  power
      攻擊攻击  ―  gōngjī  ―  firepower
    3. (physics) force
      方向位移相同 [MSC, trad.]
      方向位移相同 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè ge de fāngxiàng yǔ wèiyí xiāngtóng. [Pinyin]
      This force is the same direction as the displacement.
    4. ability; capability
        ―  néng  ―  ability
      古董鑑賞 [MSC, trad.]
      古董鉴赏 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā duì gǔdǒng hěn yǒu jiànshǎng . [Pinyin]
      He has an eye for antiques.
    5. power and influence; might
    6. (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
    7. with all one's might; doing all in one's power
        ―  zhēng  ―  to work hard for
      挽狂瀾挽狂澜  ―  wǎnkuánglán  ―  to do one's utmost to save a desperate situation
    8. a surname: Li

    Synonyms edit

    • (physical strength):
    • (ability):
    • (function):
    • (to make an effort):

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (りき) (riki)
    • Korean: 력(力) (ryeok), 역(力) (yeok)
    • Vietnamese: lực ()

    Others:

    References edit

    Japanese edit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji edit

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. power, force, strength

    Readings edit

    Etymology 1 edit

    Kanji in this term
    ちから
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements (chi, power, life force, essence) +‎ (kara, source, origin).

    Pronunciation edit

    Noun edit

    (ちから) (chikara

    1. strength; power; force
    2. (physics) force
    3. ability; capacity
    4. effort
    5. (tarot): Strength
    Derived terms edit

    Proper noun edit

    (ちから) (Chikara

    1. a male given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2 edit

    Kanji in this term
    りき
    Grade: 1
    goon

    From Middle Chinese (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik6.

    Pronunciation edit

    Affix edit

    (りき) (riki

    1. power, strength
      (りき)(がく)(りき)()二馬(にば)(りき)
      rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
      power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower

    Noun edit

    (りき) (riki

    1. physical strength
    2. (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
    3. (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
    4. short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
    5. (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
    6. (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
    Derived terms edit

    Etymology 3 edit

    Kanji in this term
    りょく
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese (), but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or Korean reading ryeok.

    Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.

    Pronunciation edit

    Affix edit

    (りょく) (ryoku

    1. strength, power
      (りょく)(そう)(けん)(りょく)
      ryokusō, kenryoku
      “strength struggle” (a hard fight), “right power” (authority)
    Derived terms edit

    References edit

    1. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
    2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC lik). Perhaps more specifically from Late Middle Chinese (LMC *liə̌k).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륵〮 (Yale: lúk)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun (him ryeok), South Korea (him yeok))

    1. Hanja form? of / (power; force). [affix]

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Việt readings: lực ((lâm)(trực)(thiết))[1][2][3]
    : Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of lực (physical force).
    2. Nôm form of sức (strength; power).

    References edit