馬鹿
See also: 马鹿
Chinese
edithorse(s) | deer | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (馬鹿) | 馬 | 鹿 | |
simp. (马鹿) | 马 | 鹿 |
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mǎlù
- Wade–Giles: ma3-lu4
- Yale: mǎ-lù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maaluh
- Palladius: малу (malu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 馬路/马路
馬陸/马陆
馬鹿/马鹿
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: maa5 luk6-2
- Yale: máh lúk
- Cantonese Pinyin: maa5 luk9-2
- Guangdong Romanization: ma5 lug6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /maː¹³ lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Noun
edit馬鹿
Derived terms
editSee also
edit- 八嘎 (bāga)
Japanese
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
馬 | 鹿 |
ば Grade: 2 (ateji) |
か Grade: 4 (ateji) |
kan'on | kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
莫迦 |
Etymology
editProbably originally a transcription of Sanskrit मोह (moha, “folly”), used as a cant term among monks.[1][2][3][4][5]
Alternatively, may have arisen from the same root as Old Japanese 痴 (woko, modern oko, “stupidity, ridiculousness”). However, this theory is problematic phonologically, as the /b/ ↔ /w/ shift is difficult to explain.[5]
The characters 馬鹿 (literally “horse + deer”) are ateji (当て字), probably chosen as an allusion to Literary Chinese 指鹿為馬 (“to deliberately misinterpret and invert right and wrong”, literally “to point to a deer and call it a horse”) (see that entry for more).[5]
Pronunciation
editAdjective
edit馬鹿 or 馬鹿 • (baka) -na (adnominal 馬鹿な (baka na), adverbial 馬鹿に (baka ni))
Inflection
editInflection of 馬鹿
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 馬鹿だろ | ばかだろ | baka daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 馬鹿で | ばかで | baka de |
Terminal (終止形) | 馬鹿だ | ばかだ | baka da |
Attributive (連体形) | 馬鹿な | ばかな | baka na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 馬鹿なら | ばかなら | baka nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 馬鹿であれ | ばかであれ | baka de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 馬鹿ではない 馬鹿じゃない |
ばかではない ばかじゃない |
baka de wa nai baka ja nai |
Informal past | 馬鹿だった | ばかだった | baka datta |
Informal negative past | 馬鹿ではなかった 馬鹿じゃなかった |
ばかではなかった ばかじゃなかった |
baka de wa nakatta baka ja nakatta |
Formal | 馬鹿です | ばかです | baka desu |
Formal negative | 馬鹿ではありません 馬鹿じゃありません |
ばかではありません ばかじゃありません |
baka de wa arimasen baka ja arimasen |
Formal past | 馬鹿でした | ばかでした | baka deshita |
Formal negative past | 馬鹿ではありませんでした 馬鹿じゃありませんでした |
ばかではありませんでした ばかじゃありませんでした |
baka de wa arimasen deshita baka ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 馬鹿で | ばかで | baka de |
Conditional | 馬鹿なら(ば) | ばかなら(ば) | baka nara (ba) |
Provisional | 馬鹿だったら | ばかだったら | baka dattara |
Volitional | 馬鹿だろう | ばかだろう | baka darō |
Adverbial | 馬鹿に | ばかに | baka ni |
Degree | 馬鹿さ | ばかさ | bakasa |
Noun
edit- a fool, an idiot
- ラブソングだと思った僕が馬鹿だった[2]
- rabu songu da to omotta boku ga baka datta
- I was foolish to think this was a love song
- 2008 April 20 [2008 March 31], Hidekaz Himaruya, “Meeting of the World”, in Axis Powers ヘタリア [Axis Powers Hetalia], 3rd edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Gentosha, →ISBN:
- 俺は反対だ!そんな現実味のない案賛成できるか!それとlearnedって言うな!何だよlearnedってlearntだバカ!
- Ore wa hantai da! Sonna genjitsumi no nai an sansei dekiru ka! Sore to learned tte iu na! Nan da yo learned tte learnt da baka!
- I disagree! Who would approve such a nonsensical idea⁉ And stop saying ‘learned’! It’s ‘learnt’, not ‘learned’, you fool!
- 俺は反対だ!そんな現実味のない案賛成できるか!それとlearnedって言うな!何だよlearnedってlearntだバカ!
- 2006 November 7, Hideaki Sorachi, “第百二十七訓 クーラーはタイマーで切れるようにしてから寝ないと風邪ひくよ [Lesson 127: Set the Timer to Automatically Turn off Air-Con When You Sleep or You’ll Get a Cold]”, in 銀魂 [Silver Soul], volume 15 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:
- なんでよりによって
- Nan de yori ni yotte
- But why her of all people
- Baka wa kaze hikanai tte i…
- They say idiots never get colds, ri…
- なんでよりによって
- ラブソングだと思った僕が馬鹿だった[2]
- uselessness, futility
- a tool used for counting coins
Usage notes
editSynonyms
editDerived terms
editDerived terms
- 馬鹿貝 (bakagai, “Mactra chinensis, a type of bivalve shellfish”)
- 馬鹿馬鹿しい (bakabakashii, “stupid, ridiculous”)
- 馬鹿力 (bakajikara)
- 馬鹿野郎 (baka yarō)
- 桜伐る馬鹿梅伐らぬ馬鹿 (sakura kiru baka ume kiranu baka)
- 馬鹿にならない (baka ni naranai)
- ワープロ馬鹿 (wāpuro baka)
- 馬鹿げる (bakageru)
- 馬鹿げた (bakageta)
- 馬鹿を見る (bakaomiru)
- 馬鹿笑い (bakawarai)
- 学者馬鹿 (gakushabaka)
- 小馬鹿 (kobaka)
- 馬鹿正直 (bakashōjiki)
- 馬鹿女 (bakaonna)
- 大馬鹿者 (ōbakamono)
- 馬鹿丁寧 (bakateinei)
Descendants
editSuffix
editReferences
edit- ^ “馬鹿・莫迦・破家”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “馬鹿”, in 日本辞典 (Nihon Jiten, “Japan Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2007–2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 “バカ/馬鹿/ばか”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Mandarin terms with homophones
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
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- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
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- zh:Equids
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- Japanese terms derived from Sanskrit
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