User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Scythian

Saka corpus edit

Reflexes of Proto-Scythian edit

Consonants edit

PIr.	PScy.	OOss.	Oss.	PSak.	Kho.		Wax.	Examples
					Kho.			PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Ossetic		PSkW.	PSak.	Khotanese		Tmš.	Wakhi
					O.	L.		PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Digor	Iron	PSkW.	PSak.	OKho.	LKho.	Tmš.	Wakhi
*b	*b	b	b	*b	b		v	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*b	*β^{[C 1]}	b	b	*β	b		v	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*d	*d	δ		*d	d			*dáća (“two”)	*dása	[Term?]	[Term?]	dæs		*dása	[Term?]	dasau	daso	dase	δas
	*δ^{[C 1]}	δ	d	*δ	y		δ	*pádah (“foot”)	*páδi	*fáδɨ	*fæd	fæd		*páδi	*pái	pai			pыδ
	*δ^{[C 1]}	δ	d					*mádu (“honey, wine”)	*máδu	*máuδʉ	*múd	mud	myd	*máuδu	*máu	mau
*g	*g		q	*g	g ‹gg›		ǧ ‹ɣ̌›	*gaȷ́ah (“reed, tamarisk”)	*gazi	[Term?]	[Term?]	qæzæ	qæz	*gazi	[Term?]	gaysä			ɣ̌uz
*ǰ /dž/	*ǰ			*j /dz/	j ‹js›			*ǰiHwáh (“alive”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*ȷ́ /dz/	*z		z	*z	z ‹ys›		z	*paHȷ́ah (“face, side”)	*pāzi	[Term?]	[Term?]	fæzæ	fæz	*pāzi	[Term?]	pāysä			pыz
*k	*k		*k	k			k	*káHmah (“wish, desire”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
					ky/c			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
					ǧ ‹g› > Ø			*HástaHkaH (“bone”)	*ā́stāgā	[Term?]	[Term?]	æstæg	(y)stæg	*ā́stāgā	[Term?]	āstai			yayč, ayč
*x								*ĉuxráh (“bright”)	*suxrí	[Term?]	[Term?]	surx	syrx	*suxrí	[Term?]	suraa			səkr
*č /tš/	*c /ts/	c ‹τζ›	c	*c	c ‹tc›		č	*čā́taH (“pond, lake”)	*cā́tā	[Term?]	[Term?]	cadæ	cad	*cā́tā	[Term?]	tcāta			čot
	*ǰ^{[C 2]}		ž ‹ʒ›	*j	j ‹js›		c	*sawčanyah (“needle”)	*sawjańi	[Term?]	[Term?]	soʒijnæ	suʒin	*sawjańi	[Term?]	saujsaña			sic
	*ǰ^{[C 2]}		ž ‹ʒ›	*j	j ‹js›		c	*pánča (“five”)	*pánja	[Term?]	[Term?]	fonʒ		*pánja	[Term?]	pamjsa			panʒ
*š								*šyáwatai (“(s)he goes”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*kʰ								*haxā́y (“friend”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*ć /ts/	*s		s	*s	s			*ćarHdáh (“summer”)	*sardí	[Term?]	[Term?]	særdæ	særd	[Term?]	[Term?]	salä			wəsə́rd
*š	*ṣ		s	*ṣ	∅		ṣ ‹ṣ̌›	*gáwšah (“ear”)	*gū́ši	[Term?]	[Term?]	qus	ǧos	*gū́ṣ̌i	[Term?]	gguv̮ä			ɣ̌īṣ̌
*h								*Hhuškah (“dry”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	xuskʼæ	xyskʼ	[Term?]	[Term?]	huṣkä			wəsk
*s	*s		s	*s	s		s	*saHnah (“enemy”)	*sāni	[Term?]	[Term?]	son	son	*sāni	[Term?]	sānä			son
*š								*Hŕ̥šah (“bear”)	*ā́rši	[Term?]	[Term?]	ars		*ā́rri	[Term?]	arrä
*m								*máHtā (“mother”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*n								*náHuš (“ship”)	*nāw	[Term?]	[Term?]	nawæ	naw	*nāw	[Term?]	no			nыw
*p			φ					*puθráh (“son”)	*puθrí	*φuθrɨ́	φurt	furt	fyrt	[Term?]	[Term?]		pira
*pʰ			f	w ‹v›			f	*kapʰah (“mucus, phlegm”)	*kʰapʰi	[Term?]	[Term?]	xæfæ	xæf	*kʰapʰi	[Term?]	khavä			xuf
*pʰ								*ćapʰáh (“hoof”)	*sapʰí	[Term?]	[Term?]	sæftæg		*sahí	[Term?]	sahä
*r								*Hraštáh (“right”)	*raští	[Term?]	[Term?]	rast		*raṣtí	[Term?]	rraṣṭa
*r			l^{[C 3]}					*páHrćuš (“rib”)	*pā́rsuš	[Term?]	[Term?]	fars		*pā́rsuš	[Term?]	pālsuve			pыrs
*t	*t		t	*t	t ‹tt›			*taptáh (“hot”)	*taftí	[Term?]	[Term?]	tavdæ	tavd	*taftí	[Term?]	ttaudä
*t	*t		*tʲ > ć^{[C 4]}	*t	t ‹tt›			*tigráh (“pointed”)	*tiǧrí	*ćiǧrɨ́	*cirǧ	cirǵ	cyrǵ	*tiǧrí	[Term?]	ttīrä
*θ								*θwáHam (“you”, acc.sg.)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
								*wáxθram (“mouth”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
					ṭhṭh			*Hhaθyáh (“real, true”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	haṭhṭha
			rg		lg		ltk	*wr̥θkáh (“kidney”)	*wərdkí	[Term?]	[Term?]	wyrg	urg	*wirδgí	[Term?]	bilga			wəltk
θ > θ								*Hráθah (“chariot”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]				wəltk
*t								*stuHnáH (“pillar”)	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	stūnā
*w	*w		b^{[C 5]}	*β^{[C 6]}				*wŕ̥kah (“wolf”)	*wə́rki	[Term?]	[Term?]			*βírgi	[Term?]	birggä
*y					ǵ ‹gy›		(i)	*Hyáȷ́atah (“divinity”)	*yázadi	[Term?]	[Term?]	(i)zæd		*yázadi	[Term?]	gyastä

Consonant clusters edit

PIr.		pre-PScy.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Oss.		PSkW.	PSak.	Kho.		Wax.	Examples
						Oss.				Kho.			PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Ossetic		PSkW.	PSak.	Khotanese		Tmš.	Wakhi
						D.	I.			O.	L.		PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Digor	Iron	PSkW.	PSak.	OKho.	LKho.	Tmš.	Wakhi
KN	*gn	*ǧn						*ǧn	*ǧṇ	ṇ		ɣ̌n	*ráwgnah (“butter, oil”)	*rū́ǧni					*rū́ǧni	*rū́ǧṇi	rrūṇä			rūɣ̌n, rūɣ̌ən
rST	*ršt	*ršt		*ršc^{[C 4]}	*rc	rc							*pr̥štíH (“back, spine”)	*parštī́	*faršcí	*færcí	færci	færcy	[Term?]	[Term?]	palšti		pərt
Kr	*gr	*ǧr^{[C 1]}				rǧ				yr^{[C 7]}			*tigráh (“sharp”)	*tiǧrí	*ćiǧrɨ́	*cirǧ	cirǧ	cyrǧ	*tiǧrí	[Term?]	ttīrä
rK	*rg	*rǧ^{[C 1]}				rǧ		*ry	*r	r		rǧ ‹rɣ̌›	*dr̥Hgáh (“long”)	*dārǧí	*dārǧɨ́	*dárǧ	darǧ		*dārǧí		dāra
rTS	*rȷ́	*rz			rz			rdz = rj	*lj^{[C 3]}	ljs			*Hr̥ȷ́atáh (“silver”)	*ārzatí	*ārzatɨ́	*ærzǽt	ærzǽt		*ārjatí	*āljatí	āljsatä
SK	*zg					ǧz				js			*mazgáh (“marrow, brain”)	*mazgí	*maǧzɨ́	*maǧz	maǧz		[Term?]	[Term?]
Tw	*dw												*dwitī́yah (“second”)	*dwitī́	*dwɨǰí	*duǰí	duʒi		*dwití	[Term?]	śätä			viti
Dr	*br		*br			rv			*br	br		vr	*bráHtā (“brother”)	*brā́tā	*ᵊrvā́da	*^ærvadæ	^ærvad(æ)	^ærvad	*brā́tāh	[Term?]	brāte			vrыt
Dr	*br		*br			rv			*br	br		vr	*abráh (“cloud”)	*abrí	*abrɨ́	*arv	arv		*abrí	[Term?]	orä
Fw	*hw				xʷ					hv		x	*hwáhā (“sister”)	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]				x̌ыy
Fw	*θw	*θw	*θβ			pp			*θβ	h		b	*čaθwā́rah (“four”)	*caθwā́ri	*cauθwā́rɨ	*čuppar	cuppar	cyppar	*caθβā́ri	*tsahári	tcahaura	tcahora (> tcaura)	tsahari	cəbы́r
Fr	*θr	*θr			rθ > rt	rt			*tr	dr		tr	*θráyah (“three”)	*θrḗi	*ᵊrtéɨ	*^ærté	ærtæ		*θrḗi	*drei	drei	drai	dre	tru, truy
Fr	*xr	*xr			rx				*xr	r		kr̬	*ćuxráh (“red”)	*suxrí	*suxrɨ́	*súrx	syrx	surx	*suxrí	*suhri	surai, suraa			səkr̬
rN	*rm	*rm				r	rm		*rm	rm			*čárma (“skin”)	*cā́rma	*cā́rmə	*cárm	car	carm	*cā́rma	[Term?]	tcārma			[Term?]
rHT	*rHd	rd > rδ							*ld^{[C 3]}	l			*ćarHdáh (“summer”)	*sardí			særdæ	særd	*sardí	[Term?]	salä			wəsə́rd
TSy	*ćy	sy > ś^{[C 8]}	*śś^{[C 9]}		*s	s			*śś	śś > ś		ṣ ‹ṣ̌›	*ćyaHwáh (“black-brown”)	*śśāwí	*sāwɨ́	sau	saw		*śśāwí	[Term?]	śāvä			ṣ̌ыw
STr	*str	*sr	*ṣṣ^{[C 9]}			s			*ṣṣ	ṣṣ > ṣ		ṣ ‹ṣ̌›	*wáHstraH (“grass, hay”)	*wā́ṣṣā			xwasæ	xos	*wā́ṣṣā	[Term?]	hvāṣä, hvāṣṣä			wыṣ̌
STr	*str												*striHyā (“female (animal)”)	*ṣṣīyā	*sīya	*siyæ	silæ	syl	*strīyā	[Term?]	strīyā			strəy
TSr	*ćr												*Háćrukah (“tear”)	*áṣṣuki	*ásugɨ	*^æsúg	sug	syg	*áṣṣuki	[Term?]	āṣkä			yaṣ̌k, aṣ̌k
TSr	*ćr												*ćr̥Hwáh (“horn”)	*ṣṣuwí			siwæ	sy	*ṣṣuwáh	[Term?]	ṣu, ṣṣu			ṣ̌əw
ST	*st					st’				st		st	*Hstā́rakaH (“star”)	*stā́rakā			^(æ)st’alu	st’aly	*stā́rakā	[Term?]	stārey			stór, sᵊtór
ST	*st					t’				ṣṣ		š	[Term?] (“intestines”)	[Term?]			t’angtæ		[Term?]	[Term?]	ṣṣaṃgila			šəngə́r
SN	*šm	*šm	*šm			ns	sm	*ṣm	ym			ẓm ‹ẓ̌m›	*čášma (“eye”)	*cášma	*cášmə	*cásm	cans	casm	*cášma	[Term?]	tce̮imä			č̣əẓ̌m
ST	*št	*št	*št		št	st			*ṣt	ṣt		(x)t	*Haštáh (“eight”)	*āští	*āštɨ́	*ast	ast		*aští	[Term?]	haṣṭa	haṣṭä, haṣṭi	haṣti	at
ST	*št	*št	*št		št	st			*ṣt	ṣt		ṣt ‹ṣ̌t›	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]				[Term?]
FT	*pʰt	*ft	*βd^{[C 10]}		βd ‹ϐδ›	vd			*βd	wd		b	*haptá (“seven”)	*hāβdá	*āβdə́	abd	avd		*hāβdá	[Term?]	hāṃda	hauda		ыb, ыp, hыp
FSN	*xšn	*xšn				xn			*xšn			xs	*ráwxšnah (“bright”)	*rū́xšni	*rū́xšnɨ	*rúxs	roxs	ruxs	*rū́xšni	[Term?]	rrūsena?			rыxn
STS	*sč												*usčáH (“up”)	*uskā́			[Term?]	[Term?]	*uskā	[Term?]	uska			sək
STS	*sč												*pasčáy (“after”)	*pascḗ	*fastḗ	*fæste	fæstæ		*uskā	[Term?]	uska			sək

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 *b > *β; *d > *δ; *g > *ǧ / V(r)_
^ p > b; t > d; č > ǰ / {V(r),N}_
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 r > l /_C_[+coronal]
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 *t > tʲ > ć /#_i
^ β > b; ð > d; ʝ > ǵ; ǧ > g /#_
^ w > *ǧʷ > β; j > ʝ /#_
^ ǧ > y /{a,i}_C
^ Ty > T́
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 S > SS /V]_σ_
^ *ft, *xt > *βd, *ǧd

Vowels and syllabic consonants edit

PIr.	pre-PScy.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Oss.		PSkW.	PSak.	Kho.		Tmš.	Wax.	Examples
					Oss.				Kho.				PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Ossetic		PSkW.	PSak.	Khotanese		Tmš.	Wakhi
					D.	I.			O.	L.			PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Digor	Iron	PSkW.	PSak.	OKho.	LKho.	Tmš.	Wakhi
*a	*a		*a	ɐ /æ/	ɐ /æ/		*a	*a	a			a	*dáća (“two”)	*dása	*dásə	*dǽs	dæs		*dása		dasau	daso	dase	δas
				*i^{[V 1]}	i								*ȷ́r̥Hanyam (“golden”)	*záranyu	*zárainyʉ	zirḕn	zærin		*záranyu	*záirnyu	ysīrrä		*zerna	[Term?]
			*a	*æ	o^{[V 2]}								*pánča (“five”)	*pánǰa	*fánǰə	*fǽnʒ	fonʒ		*pánǰa	*pánja	paṃjsa	pajsa	pa(ṃ)tsi	panʒ
					∅^{[V 3]}							∅	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
			*a	(a)	∅^{[V 4]}							∅	*haptá (“seven”)	*hāβdá	*ābdə́	abd	avd		*hāβdā́	*hāwdá	hauda	hoda		ыb, ыp, hыp
					^{[V 5]}							∅	*haptá (“middle”)	*hāβdá	[Term?]	abd	avd		*hāβdā́		hauda	hoda		mad, maδ
									ā^{[V 6]}				*dr̥Hgáh (“long”)	*dārǧí	*dārǧɨ́	*darǧ	darǧ		[Term?]		dārä			[Term?]
			*au^{[V 7]}	*o	o	u							*Harušáh (“white”)	*aruší	*aurʉšɨ́	*órs	uors	urs	[Term?]					irx̌, yirx̌, yərx̌
		∅^{[V 8]}		∅	∅		∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	wæd		[Term?]		va			[Term?]
	*ā^{[V 9]}	*ā	*ā	æ ‹a›	æ ‹a›		*ā	*ā	ā			ɨ ‹ы›	*čárma (“skin”)	*cā́rma	*cā́rmə	*carm	carm	car	*cā́rma		tcārma			[Term?]
*ā	*ā				ɘ ‹y›				a			ɨ ‹ы›	*čaθwā́rah (“four”)	*caθwā́ri	*cauθwā́rɨ	*čuppar	cuppar	cyppar	*caθβā́ri	*tsahári	tcahaura	tcahora (> tcaura)	tsahari	cəbы́r
			*ō^{[V 2]}	*o	o				ā			u	*Hnā́ma (“name”)	*nā́ma	*nā́mə	*nóm	non	nom	*nā́ma		nāma			nung
		*ē	*a		ɐ /æ/	∅	*a^{[V 10]}		a			∅	*pHtā́ (“father”)	*pitā́	*fitá	*fidǽ	fidæ	fyd	*pitḗ	*pitḗ	päte			[Term?]
													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*ay	əi > ē		*e	*e	e	i	*yū					i	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]				[Term?]
*ay	əi > ē		*e	*i^{[V 11]}	i							i	*axšáyHnah (“dark blue”)	*āxšī́ni	*axsī́nɨ	*æxsín	æxsin		*āxšēinī		āṣṣeiṇa
*ay													*šáyθrah (“dwelling”)	*xšḗtri	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		*xšḗrā	*xšḗra	kṣīra		xšera	[Term?]
*ay													*ȷ́ŕ̥dayam (“heart”)	*zárdeyu	*zárdeyʉ	*zǽrde	zærdæ		[Term?]	[Term?]	ysära			[Term?]
*aya	əya > ēa	*ēi	*ei	*æi	æ		*ēi	*ei	ei	ai	e	u(y)	*θráyah (“three”)	*θréyi	*ᵊrtéyɨ́	*^ærté	ærtæ		*θrḗi	*drei	drei	drai	dre	tru, truy
*ayw	əiw > ēw		*ew	*ew	ew	i	*īw	yū > źū > *śśū				(y)iw	*Háywah (“one”)	*ḗwi	*éwɨ	*éw	(j)ew	iw	*ī́wi	*śśū	śśū		śo	yiw, yi, iw, i
*āy													[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*aw	*ō	*ū	*ū	*u	u	ɘ ‹y›						i	*dáwš (“arm”)	*dū́š	*dū́s	*dús	dus	dys	[Term?]	[Term?]				ɣ̌iṣ̌
													*gáwšah (“ear”)	*gū́ši	*ǧū́sɨ	*ǧús	ǧos	qus	*gū́ši	*gúwi	gguwä, gū			ɣ̌iṣ̌
			*ūi	*uy	uy ‹uj›	i	*ū	*ū	ū			*ī > i	*ćráwniš (“buttocks”)	*śśū́nyā	*sū́inya	*suynæ	sujnæ	sin	*śśū́ni	*śśū́n̄i	ṣṣūn̄i			ṣ̌in
	*āw^{[V 6]}												*ćyaHwáh (“dark”)	*śāwí	*sāwɨ́	*saw	saw		*śāwí	*śāwí	śāvä			ṣ̌ыw
*āwu	*āwā		*āwā	*awæ	aw		*āwā	*awa	au	ọ ‹o›		ɨw ‹ыw›	*náHuš (“boat”)	*nā́wu	*nā́wa	*náwæ	nawæ	naw	*nā́wu	*nā́w	nau	no		nыw
*awa													*gáwaȷ́nah (“deer”)	*gáwāzni	*ǧáwāznɨ	*ǧǽwanz	ǧæwanz	qwaz, qæwaz	[Term?]	[Term?]	ggūysna			[Term?]
*awi													*Háwiš (“sheep”)	*áwi	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	*áiwi	[Term?]				yobč, yopč
*i													[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*i	*ī^{[V 6]}		*i									d́	*HwiHćati (“twenty”)	*winsati	*insaǰɨ	Insáz	insæj	ssæʒ	*wistí		bistä	bästa	bista	wist
*ī													[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*ī									i^{[V 12]}				*ćriHráh	*srīrí	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]		śśära			[Term?]
*u	*u			u				*u	u			ə	*ćuxráh (“red”)	*suxrí	*suxrɨ́	*súrx	syrx	surx	*suxrí	*suhri	surai, suraa			səkr̬
*ū													[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*ū									u^{[V 13]}			i	*stuHnáH (“pillar”)	*stūnā́	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]		stuna			istín, yistin, stin
*r̥													[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]

Notes

^ *a > i /{_N,N_}
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 *æ > *a > о /_NC#
^ *a_[-stress] > ∅ /C_C (syncope)
^ *a > ∅ /_# (apocope)
^ *a > ∅ /_# (apocope)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 *V > V̄ /_∅ < {C,H}]_σ
^ a > ${\begin{Bmatrix}ai\\au\end{Bmatrix}}$ /{Cʷ,L}₀ ${\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{I}}\\{\text{U}}\end{Bmatrix}}$
^ *a > ∅ /#_ (apocope)
^ *a > ā /_{C,-N}]C_σ
^ *ā > a /_#
^ e > i /_N
^ ī > i /_]_σ[{n,r}
^ ū > u /_]_σ[{N,r}