User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Scythian
Saka corpus
edit![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiktionary/en/timeline/4qsiatcannxtg6xwfe563ez2eaw2l1p.png)
Reflexes of Proto-Scythian
editConsonants
editPIr. | PScy. | OOss. | Oss. | PSak. | Kho. | Tmš. | Wax. | Examples | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIr. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Ossetic | PSkW. | PSak. | Khotanese | Tmš. | Wakhi | |||||||||||
O. | L. | Digor | Iron | OKho. | LKho. | |||||||||||||||
*b | *b | b | b | *b | b | v | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||
*β[C 1] | b | b | *β | b | v | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||
*d | *d | δ | *d | d | *dáća (“two”) | *dása | [Term?] | [Term?] | dæs | *dása | [Term?] | dasau | daso | dase | δas | |||||
*δ[C 1] | δ | d | *δ | y | δ | *pádah (“foot”) | *páδi | *fáδɨ | *fæd | fæd | *páδi | *pái | pai | pыδ | ||||||
*δ[C 1] | δ | d | *mádu (“honey, wine”) | *máδu | *máuδʉ | *múd | mud | myd | *máuδu | *máu | mau | |||||||||
*g | *g | q | *g | g ‹gg› | ǧ ‹ɣ̌› | *gaȷ́ah (“reed, tamarisk”) | *gazi | [Term?] | [Term?] | qæzæ | qæz | *gazi | [Term?] | gaysä | ɣ̌uz | |||||
*ǰ /dž/ | *ǰ | *j /dz/ | j ‹js› | *ǰiHwáh (“alive”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||
*ȷ́ /dz/ | *z | z | *z | z ‹ys› | z | *paHȷ́ah (“face, side”) | *pāzi | [Term?] | [Term?] | fæzæ | fæz | *pāzi | [Term?] | pāysä | pыz | |||||
*k | *k | *k | k | k | *káHmah (“wish, desire”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||
ky/c | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
ǧ ‹g› > Ø | *HástaHkaH (“bone”) | *ā́stāgā | [Term?] | [Term?] | æstæg | (y)stæg | *ā́stāgā | [Term?] | āstai | yayč, ayč | ||||||||||
*x | *ĉuxráh (“bright”) | *suxrí | [Term?] | [Term?] | surx | syrx | *suxrí | [Term?] | suraa | səkr | ||||||||||
*č /tš/ | *c /ts/ | c ‹τζ› | c | *c | c ‹tc› | č | *čā́taH (“pond, lake”) | *cā́tā | [Term?] | [Term?] | cadæ | cad | *cā́tā | [Term?] | tcāta | čot | ||||
*ǰ[C 2] | ž ‹ʒ› | *j | j ‹js› | c | *sawčanyah (“needle”) | *sawjańi | [Term?] | [Term?] | soʒijnæ | suʒin | *sawjańi | [Term?] | saujsaña | sic | ||||||
*pánča (“five”) | *pánja | [Term?] | [Term?] | fonʒ | *pánja | [Term?] | pamjsa | panʒ | ||||||||||||
*š | *šyáwatai (“(s)he goes”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
*kʰ | *haxā́y (“friend”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
*ć /ts/ | *s | s | *s | s | *ćarHdáh (“summer”) | *sardí | [Term?] | [Term?] | særdæ | særd | [Term?] | [Term?] | salä | wəsə́rd | ||||||
*š | *ṣ | s | *ṣ | ∅ | ṣ ‹ṣ̌› | *gáwšah (“ear”) | *gū́ši | [Term?] | [Term?] | qus | ǧos | *gū́ṣ̌i | [Term?] | gguv̮ä | ɣ̌īṣ̌ | |||||
*h | *Hhuškah (“dry”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | xuskʼæ | xyskʼ | [Term?] | [Term?] | huṣkä | wəsk | ||||||||||
*s | *s | s | *s | s | s | *saHnah (“enemy”) | *sāni | [Term?] | [Term?] | son | son | *sāni | [Term?] | sānä | son | |||||
*š | *Hŕ̥šah (“bear”) | *ā́rši | [Term?] | [Term?] | ars | *ā́rri | [Term?] | arrä | ||||||||||||
*m | *máHtā (“mother”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
*n | *náHuš (“ship”) | *nāw | [Term?] | [Term?] | nawæ | naw | *nāw | [Term?] | no | nыw | ||||||||||
*p | φ | *puθráh (“son”) | *puθrí | *φuθrɨ́ | φurt | furt | fyrt | [Term?] | [Term?] | pira | ||||||||||
*pʰ | f | w ‹v› | f | *kapʰah (“mucus, phlegm”) | *kʰapʰi | [Term?] | [Term?] | xæfæ | xæf | *kʰapʰi | [Term?] | khavä | xuf | |||||||
*pʰ | *ćapʰáh (“hoof”) | *sapʰí | [Term?] | [Term?] | sæftæg | *sahí | [Term?] | sahä | ||||||||||||
*r | *Hraštáh (“right”) | *raští | [Term?] | [Term?] | rast | *raṣtí | [Term?] | rraṣṭa | ||||||||||||
l[C 3] | *páHrćuš (“rib”) | *pā́rsuš | [Term?] | [Term?] | fars | *pā́rsuš | [Term?] | pālsuve | pыrs | |||||||||||
*t | *t | t | *t | t ‹tt› | *taptáh (“hot”) | *taftí | [Term?] | [Term?] | tavdæ | tavd | *taftí | [Term?] | ttaudä | |||||||
*tʲ > ć[C 4] | *tigráh (“pointed”) | *tiǧrí | *ćiǧrɨ́ | *cirǧ | cirǵ | cyrǵ | *tiǧrí | [Term?] | ttīrä | |||||||||||
*θ | *θwáHam (“you”, acc.sg.) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
*wáxθram (“mouth”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||
ṭhṭh | *Hhaθyáh (“real, true”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | haṭhṭha | |||||||||||||
rg | lg | ltk | *wr̥θkáh (“kidney”) | *wərdkí | [Term?] | [Term?] | wyrg | urg | *wirδgí | [Term?] | bilga | wəltk | ||||||||
*θ > *θ | *Hráθah (“chariot”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | wəltk | |||||||||||||
*t | *stuHnáH (“pillar”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | stūnā | |||||||||||||
*w | *w | b[C 5] | *β[C 6] | *wŕ̥kah (“wolf”) | *wə́rki | [Term?] | [Term?] | *βírgi | [Term?] | birggä | ||||||||||
*y | ǵ ‹gy› | (i) | *Hyáȷ́atah (“divinity”) | *yázadi | [Term?] | [Term?] | (i)zæd | *yázadi | [Term?] | gyastä |
Consonant clusters
editPIr. | pre-PScy. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Oss. | PSkW. | PSak. | Kho. | Tmš. | Wax. | Examples | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIr. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Ossetic | PSkW. | PSak. | Khotanese | Tmš. | Wakhi | ||||||||||||||||
D. | I. | O. | L. | Digor | Iron | OKho. | LKho. | ||||||||||||||||||
KN | *gn | *ǧn | *ǧn | *ǧṇ | ṇ | ɣ̌n | *ráwgnah (“butter, oil”) | *rū́ǧni | *rū́ǧni | *rū́ǧṇi | rrūṇä | rūɣ̌n, rūɣ̌ən | |||||||||||||
rST | *ršt | *ršt | *ršc[C 4] | *rc | rc | *pr̥štíH (“back, spine”) | *parštī́ | *faršcí | *færcí | færci | færcy | [Term?] | [Term?] | palšti | pərt | ||||||||||
Kr | *gr | *ǧr[C 1] | rǧ | yr[C 7] | *tigráh (“sharp”) | *tiǧrí | *ćiǧrɨ́ | *cirǧ | cirǧ | cyrǧ | *tiǧrí | [Term?] | ttīrä | ||||||||||||
rK | *rg | *rǧ[C 1] | rǧ | *ry | *r | r | rǧ ‹rɣ̌› | *dr̥Hgáh (“long”) | *dārǧí | *dārǧɨ́ | *dárǧ | darǧ | *dārǧí | dāra | |||||||||||
rTS | *rȷ́ | *rz | rz | *rdz = *rj | *lj[C 3] | ljs | *Hr̥ȷ́atáh (“silver”) | *ārzatí | *ārzatɨ́ | *ærzǽt | ærzǽt | *ārjatí | *āljatí | āljsatä | |||||||||||
SK | *zg | ǧz | js | *mazgáh (“marrow, brain”) | *mazgí | *maǧzɨ́ | *maǧz | maǧz | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||
Tw | *dw | *dwitī́yah (“second”) | *dwitī́ | *dwɨǰí | *duǰí | duʒi | *dwití | [Term?] | śätä | viti | |||||||||||||||
Dr | *br | *br | rv | *br | br | vr | *bráHtā (“brother”) | *brā́tā | *ᵊrvā́da | *ærvadæ | ærvad(æ) | ærvad | *brā́tāh | [Term?] | brāte | vrыt | |||||||||
*br | rv | *br | br | vr | *abráh (“cloud”) | *abrí | *abrɨ́ | *arv | arv | *abrí | [Term?] | orä | |||||||||||||
Fw | *hw | xʷ | hv | x | *hwáhā (“sister”) | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | x̌ыy | ||||||||||||||
*θw | *θw | *θβ | pp | *θβ | h | b | *čaθwā́rah (“four”) | *caθwā́ri | *cauθwā́rɨ | *čuppar | cuppar | cyppar | *caθβā́ri | *tsahári | tcahaura | tcahora (> tcaura) | tsahari | cəbы́r | |||||||
Fr | *θr | *θr | rθ > rt | rt | *tr | dr | tr | *θráyah (“three”) | *θrḗi | *ᵊrtéɨ | *ærté | ærtæ | *θrḗi | *drei | drei | drai | dre | tru, truy | |||||||
*xr | *xr | rx | *xr | r | kr̬ | *ćuxráh (“red”) | *suxrí | *suxrɨ́ | *súrx | syrx | surx | *suxrí | *suhri | surai, suraa | səkr̬ | ||||||||||
rN | *rm | *rm | r | rm | *rm | rm | *čárma (“skin”) | *cā́rma | *cā́rmə | *cárm | car | carm | *cā́rma | [Term?] | tcārma | [Term?] | |||||||||
rHT | *rHd | *rd > *rδ | *ld[C 3] | l | *ćarHdáh (“summer”) | *sardí | særdæ | særd | *sardí | [Term?] | salä | wəsə́rd | |||||||||||||
TSy | *ćy | *sy > *ś[C 8] | *śś[C 9] | *s | s | *śś | śś > ś | ṣ ‹ṣ̌› | *ćyaHwáh (“black-brown”) | *śśāwí | *sāwɨ́ | sau | saw | *śśāwí | [Term?] | śāvä | ṣ̌ыw | ||||||||
STr | *str | *sr | *ṣṣ[C 9] | s | *ṣṣ | ṣṣ > ṣ | ṣ ‹ṣ̌› | *wáHstraH (“grass, hay”) | *wā́ṣṣā | xwasæ | xos | *wā́ṣṣā | [Term?] | hvāṣä, hvāṣṣä | wыṣ̌ | ||||||||||
*striHyā (“female (animal)”) | *ṣṣīyā | *sīya | *siyæ | silæ | syl | *strīyā | [Term?] | strīyā | strəy | ||||||||||||||||
TSr | *ćr | *Háćrukah (“tear”) | *áṣṣuki | *ásugɨ | *æsúg | sug | syg | *áṣṣuki | [Term?] | āṣkä | yaṣ̌k, aṣ̌k | ||||||||||||||
*ćr̥Hwáh (“horn”) | *ṣṣuwí | siwæ | sy | *ṣṣuwáh | [Term?] | ṣu, ṣṣu | ṣ̌əw | ||||||||||||||||||
ST | *st | st’ | st | st | *Hstā́rakaH (“star”) | *stā́rakā | (æ)st’alu | st’aly | *stā́rakā | [Term?] | stārey | stór, sᵊtór | |||||||||||||
ST | *st | t’ | ṣṣ | š | [Term?] (“intestines”) | [Term?] | t’angtæ | [Term?] | [Term?] | ṣṣaṃgila | šəngə́r | ||||||||||||||
SN | *šm | *šm | *šm | ns | sm | *ṣm | ym | ẓm ‹ẓ̌m› | *čášma (“eye”) | *cášma | *cášmə | *cásm | cans | casm | *cášma | [Term?] | tce̮imä | č̣əẓ̌m | |||||||
ST | *št | *št | *št | št | st | *ṣt | ṣt | (x)t | *Haštáh (“eight”) | *āští | *āštɨ́ | *ast | ast | *aští | [Term?] | haṣṭa | haṣṭä, haṣṭi | haṣti | at | ||||||
ṣt ‹ṣ̌t› | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||||||
FT | *pʰt | *ft | *βd[C 10] | βd ‹ϐδ› | vd | *βd | wd | b | *haptá (“seven”) | *hāβdá | *āβdə́ | abd | avd | *hāβdá | [Term?] | hāṃda | hauda | ыb, ыp, hыp | |||||||
FSN | *xšn | *xšn | xn | *xšn | xs | *ráwxšnah (“bright”) | *rū́xšni | *rū́xšnɨ | *rúxs | roxs | ruxs | *rū́xšni | [Term?] | rrūsena? | rыxn | ||||||||||
STS | *sč | *usčáH (“up”) | *uskā́ | [Term?] | [Term?] | *uskā | [Term?] | uska | sək | ||||||||||||||||
*pasčáy (“after”) | *pascḗ | *fastḗ | *fæste | fæstæ | *uskā | [Term?] | uska | sək |
- Notes
Vowels and syllabic consonants
editPIr. | pre-PScy. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Oss. | PSkW. | PSak. | Kho. | Tmš. | Wax. | Examples | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIr. | PScy. | POss. | OOss. | Ossetic | PSkW. | PSak. | Khotanese | Tmš. | Wakhi | |||||||||||||||
D. | I. | O. | L. | Digor | Iron | OKho. | LKho. | |||||||||||||||||
*a | *a | *a | *ɐ /*æ/ | ɐ /æ/ | *a | *a | a | a | *dáća (“two”) | *dása | *dásə | *dǽs | dæs | *dása | dasau | daso | dase | δas | ||||||
*i[V 1] | i | *ȷ́r̥Hanyam (“golden”) | *záranyu | *zárainyʉ | zirḕn | zærin | *záranyu | *záirnyu | ysīrrä | *zerna | [Term?] | |||||||||||||
*a | *æ | o[V 2] | *pánča (“five”) | *pánǰa | *fánǰə | *fǽnʒ | fonʒ | *pánǰa | *pánja | paṃjsa | pajsa | pa(ṃ)tsi | panʒ | |||||||||||
∅[V 3] | ∅ | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||||
*a | (a) | ∅[V 4] | ∅ | *haptá (“seven”) | *hāβdá | *ābdə́ | abd | avd | *hāβdā́ | *hāwdá | hauda | hoda | ыb, ыp, hыp | |||||||||||
[V 5] | ∅ | *haptá (“middle”) | *hāβdá | [Term?] | abd | avd | *hāβdā́ | hauda | hoda | mad, maδ | ||||||||||||||
ā[V 6] | *dr̥Hgáh (“long”) | *dārǧí | *dārǧɨ́ | *darǧ | darǧ | [Term?] | dārä | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||||
*au[V 7] | *o | o | u | *Harušáh (“white”) | *aruší | *aurʉšɨ́ | *órs | uors | urs | [Term?] | irx̌, yirx̌, yərx̌ | |||||||||||||
∅[V 8] | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | wæd | [Term?] | va | [Term?] | |||||||||
*ā[V 9] | *ā | *ā | *æ ‹*a› | æ ‹a› | *ā | *ā | ā | ɨ ‹ы› | *čárma (“skin”) | *cā́rma | *cā́rmə | *carm | carm | car | *cā́rma | tcārma | [Term?] | |||||||
*ā | *ā | ɘ ‹y› | a | *čaθwā́rah (“four”) | *caθwā́ri | *cauθwā́rɨ | *čuppar | cuppar | cyppar | *caθβā́ri | *tsahári | tcahaura | tcahora (> tcaura) | tsahari | cəbы́r | |||||||||
*ō[V 2] | *o | o | ā | u | *Hnā́ma (“name”) | *nā́ma | *nā́mə | *nóm | non | nom | *nā́ma | nāma | nung | |||||||||||
*ē | *a | ɐ /æ/ | ∅ | *a[V 10] | a | ∅ | *pHtā́ (“father”) | *pitā́ | *fitá | *fidǽ | fidæ | fyd | *pitḗ | *pitḗ | päte | [Term?] | ||||||||
[Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||||
*ay | *əi > *ē | *e | *e | e | i | *yū | i | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||||||||
*i[V 11] | i | i | *axšáyHnah (“dark blue”) | *āxšī́ni | *axsī́nɨ | *æxsín | æxsin | *āxšēinī | āṣṣeiṇa | |||||||||||||||
*ay | *šáyθrah (“dwelling”) | *xšḗtri | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | *xšḗrā | *xšḗra | kṣīra | xšera | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
*ay | *ȷ́ŕ̥dayam (“heart”) | *zárdeyu | *zárdeyʉ | *zǽrde | zærdæ | [Term?] | [Term?] | ysära | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||
*aya | *əya > *ēa | *ēi | *ei | *æi | æ | *ēi | *ei | ei | ai | e | u(y) | *θráyah (“three”) | *θréyi | *ᵊrtéyɨ́ | *ærté | ærtæ | *θrḗi | *drei | drei | drai | dre | tru, truy | ||
*ayw | *əiw > *ēw | *ew | *ew | ew | i | *īw | *yū > *źū > *śśū | (y)iw | *Háywah (“one”) | *ḗwi | *éwɨ | *éw | (j)ew | iw | *ī́wi | *śśū | śśū | śo | yiw, yi, iw, i | |||||
*āy | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||
*aw | *ō | *ū | *ū | *u | u | ɘ ‹y› | i | *dáwš (“arm”) | *dū́š | *dū́s | *dús | dus | dys | [Term?] | [Term?] | ɣ̌iṣ̌ | ||||||||
*gáwšah (“ear”) | *gū́ši | *ǧū́sɨ | *ǧús | ǧos | qus | *gū́ši | *gúwi | gguwä, gū | ɣ̌iṣ̌ | |||||||||||||||
*ūi | *uy | uy ‹uj› | i | *ū | *ū | ū | *ī > i | *ćráwniš (“buttocks”) | *śśū́nyā | *sū́inya | *suynæ | sujnæ | sin | *śśū́ni | *śśū́n̄i | ṣṣūn̄i | ṣ̌in | |||||||
*āw[V 6] | *ćyaHwáh (“dark”) | *śāwí | *sāwɨ́ | *saw | saw | *śāwí | *śāwí | śāvä | ṣ̌ыw | |||||||||||||||
*āwu | *āwā | *āwā | *awæ | aw | *āwā | *awa | au | ọ ‹o› | ɨw ‹ыw› | *náHuš (“boat”) | *nā́wu | *nā́wa | *náwæ | nawæ | naw | *nā́wu | *nā́w | nau | no | nыw | ||||
*awa | *gáwaȷ́nah (“deer”) | *gáwāzni | *ǧáwāznɨ | *ǧǽwanz | ǧæwanz | qwaz, qæwaz | [Term?] | [Term?] | ggūysna | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||
*awi | *Háwiš (“sheep”) | *áwi | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | *áiwi | [Term?] | yobč, yopč | |||||||||||||||
*i | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||
*ī[V 6] | *i | d́ | *HwiHćati (“twenty”) | *winsati | *insaǰɨ | Insáz | insæj | ssæʒ | *wistí | bistä | bästa | bista | wist | |||||||||||
*ī | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||
i[V 12] | *ćriHráh | *srīrí | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | śśära | [Term?] | ||||||||||||||||
*u | *u | u | *u | u | ə | *ćuxráh (“red”) | *suxrí | *suxrɨ́ | *súrx | syrx | surx | *suxrí | *suhri | surai, suraa | səkr̬ | |||||||||
*ū | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |||||||||||||||||
u[V 13] | i | *stuHnáH (“pillar”) | *stūnā́ | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | stuna | istín, yistin, stin | |||||||||||||||
*r̥ | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] |
- Notes
Abbreviations
edit
- # = word boundary
- C = consonant
- Cʰ = aspirated consonant
- Ć = palatal consonant
- Cʷ = labial consonant
- C̥ = syllabic consonant
- D = voiced stop (b, d, g, h₃, z)
- E = front vowel (e, i)
- F = fricative (δ, θ, x)
- G = voiced velar stop
- H = laryngeal
- K = (voiceless) velar stop
- L = liquid (l, r)
- N = nasal (n, m)
- P = bilabial stop (b, p)
- R = sonorant (l, r, n, m)
- T = (voiceless) stop
- S = sibilant (s, z)
- V = vowel
- V̄ = long vowel
- V̆ = short vowel
- Vʷ = rounded vowel
- X (ʰ, h₁, h₂)
- Y = glide
- Z = voiced sibilant