dunkel
English edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
dunkel (countable and uncountable, plural dunkels)
- A type of dark German lager, typically ranging in color from amber to dark reddish brown, and characterized by its smooth malty flavor.
- 1994, A Stomach for Dissent: The Life of Raymond Postgate, 1896-1971, Keele University Press, page 168:
- I drank dunkel export beer in the Bier Halle where all the girls were called Therese;
- 1997, The New Brewer, page 120:
- Recently, for instance, he brewed all dunkels for a period, only with different yeast strains.
- 2008, The Beer Book, DK, page 104:
- Bavarian dunkels are deep reddish-brown in colour.
- 2014, Gavin D. Smith, Beer: A Global History (The Edible Series), Reaktion Books, →ISBN:
- Dunkels tend to be moderately hopped, made using dark malts, and offer malty, toffee, chocolate flavours. While weissbiers, helles and dunkels are not actually indigenous to Germany, altbier has its origins around the city of Düsseldorf, […].
Further reading edit
Danish edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
dunkel (neuter dunkelt, plural and definite singular attributive dunkle, comparative dunklere, superlative (predicative) dunklest, superlative (attributive) dunkleste)
- dark (with connotations of sinisterness)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “dunkel” in Den Danske Ordbog
German edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German tunkel, from Old High German tunkal, tuncal (“dark”), from Proto-Germanic *dunkalaz (“dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʷ- (“to smoke, fume”). The modern consonantism is Central and Low German (compare Middle Low German dunker, also dunkel). Cognate to Dutch donker (“dark”).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
dunkel (strong nominative masculine singular dunkler, comparative dunkler or (alternatively in Austria) dünkler, superlative am dunkelsten)
- (of light, colour) dark
- Antonym: hell
- Im Winter wird es früher dunkel.
- In the winter, it gets dark earlier.
- Das dunkle Rot gefällt mir besser.
- I like the dark red better.
- (of sound) deep
- (of memory, ideas) vague, faint
- Ich habe nur dunkle Erinnerungen an meine Großmutter.
- I have only faint memories of my grandmother.
Usage notes edit
- The comparative form dünkler is an equal variant of dunkler in Austrian German.
Declension edit
- With contractions (normal form):
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist dunkel | sie ist dunkel | es ist dunkel | sie sind dunkel | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | dunkler | dunkle | dunkles | dunkle |
genitive | dunklen | dunkler | dunklen | dunkler | |
dative | dunklem | dunkler | dunklem | dunklen | |
accusative | dunklen | dunkle | dunkles | dunkle | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der dunkle | die dunkle | das dunkle | die dunklen |
genitive | des dunklen | der dunklen | des dunklen | der dunklen | |
dative | dem dunklen | der dunklen | dem dunklen | den dunklen | |
accusative | den dunklen | die dunkle | das dunkle | die dunklen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein dunkler | eine dunkle | ein dunkles | (keine) dunklen |
genitive | eines dunklen | einer dunklen | eines dunklen | (keiner) dunklen | |
dative | einem dunklen | einer dunklen | einem dunklen | (keinen) dunklen | |
accusative | einen dunklen | eine dunkle | ein dunkles | (keine) dunklen |
1Alternatively in Austria.
- Without contractions (now nonstandard and extremely rare):
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist dunkel | sie ist dunkel | es ist dunkel | sie sind dunkel | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | dunkeler | dunkele | dunkeles | dunkele |
genitive | dunkelen | dunkeler | dunkelen | dunkeler | |
dative | dunkelem | dunkeler | dunkelem | dunkelen | |
accusative | dunkelen | dunkele | dunkeles | dunkele | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der dunkele | die dunkele | das dunkele | die dunkelen |
genitive | des dunkelen | der dunkelen | des dunkelen | der dunkelen | |
dative | dem dunkelen | der dunkelen | dem dunkelen | den dunkelen | |
accusative | den dunkelen | die dunkele | das dunkele | die dunkelen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein dunkeler | eine dunkele | ein dunkeles | (keine) dunkelen |
genitive | eines dunkelen | einer dunkelen | eines dunkelen | (keiner) dunkelen | |
dative | einem dunkelen | einer dunkelen | einem dunkelen | (keinen) dunkelen | |
accusative | einen dunkelen | eine dunkele | ein dunkeles | (keine) dunkelen |
Derived terms edit
Verb edit
dunkel
- inflection of dunkeln:
Further reading edit
Norwegian edit
Etymology edit
From Low German (compare Middle Low German dunker, also dunkel). Cognate to Dutch donker (“dark”).
Adjective edit
dunkel
Further reading edit
Pennsylvania German edit
Etymology edit
Compare German dunkel, Dutch donker.
Adjective edit
dunkel
Synonyms edit
Plautdietsch edit
Adjective edit
dunkel
Derived terms edit
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from German dunkel, from Proto-Germanic *dunkalaz. Cognate with Old Norse døkkr.
Adjective edit
dunkel (comparative dunklare, superlative dunklast)
- dark, dim
- (figurative) obscure, opaque, abstruse
- (figurative) dubious
Declension edit
Inflection of dunkel | |||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative2 |
Common singular | dunkel | dunklare | dunklast |
Neuter singular | dunkelt | dunklare | dunklast |
Plural | dunkla | dunklare | dunklast |
Masculine plural3 | dunkle | dunklare | dunklast |
Definite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
Masculine singular1 | dunkle | dunklare | dunklaste |
All | dunkla | dunklare | dunklaste |
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. 3) Dated or archaic |
Noun edit
dunkel n
Declension edit
Declension of dunkel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Uncountable | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | |||
Nominative | dunkel | dunklet | — | — |
Genitive | dunkels | dunklets | — | — |