karu
See also: Appendix:Variations of "karu"
Ajië
editPronunciation
editNumeral
editkaru
References
edit- Leenhardt, M. (1935) Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue Houaïlou, Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. Cited in: "Houaïlou" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
- Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "Ajiø" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
Estonian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *karhu.
Noun
editkaru (genitive karu, partitive karu)
Declension
editDeclension of karu (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | karu | karud | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | karu | ||
genitive | karude | ||
partitive | karu | karusid | |
illative | karru karusse |
karudesse | |
inessive | karus | karudes | |
elative | karust | karudest | |
allative | karule | karudele | |
adessive | karul | karudel | |
ablative | karult | karudelt | |
translative | karuks | karudeks | |
terminative | karuni | karudeni | |
essive | karuna | karudena | |
abessive | karuta | karudeta | |
comitative | karuga | karudega |
Derived terms
editFinnish
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *karu (compare Karelian karu, Ludian karu).
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editkaru (comparative karumpi, superlative karuin)
Declension
editInflection of karu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | karu | karut | |
genitive | karun | karujen | |
partitive | karua | karuja | |
illative | karuun | karuihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | karu | karut | |
accusative | nom. | karu | karut |
gen. | karun | ||
genitive | karun | karujen | |
partitive | karua | karuja | |
inessive | karussa | karuissa | |
elative | karusta | karuista | |
illative | karuun | karuihin | |
adessive | karulla | karuilla | |
ablative | karulta | karuilta | |
allative | karulle | karuille | |
essive | karuna | karuina | |
translative | karuksi | karuiksi | |
abessive | karutta | karuitta | |
instructive | — | karuin | |
comitative | — | karuine |
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “karu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Anagrams
editJapanese
editRomanization
editkaru
Kambera
editAlternative forms
editNoun
editkaru
References
edit- Marian Klamer (1998) A Grammar of Kambera, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 213
Karelian
editNoun
editkaru
Latvian
editNoun
editkaru m
- inflection of karš:
Verb
editkaru
Lower Sorbian
editPronunciation
editNoun
editkaru
Maori
editNoun
editkaru
- eye
- E ai ki ngā kōrero i whakapurua e Te Whānau-a-Apanui ngā karu o te papa angaanga o tana matua, o Te Pori-o-te-rangi, ki te harare pūwhero.
- It is said that Te Whānau-a-Apanui plugged up the eye sockets of the skull of her father, Te Pori-o-te-rangi, with red sealing wax.
- spongy matter around the seeds of a gourd
Old Tupi
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kaʔru, from *kar- (“thing”) + *ʔu (“to eat”), literally “to eat things”.[1][2]
Cognate with Awetí kat-ʔu, Guaraní karu.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkaru (possessable)
- consumption (the act of eating)
- meal; repast (food served or eaten)
- overeating (the act of eating to excess)
Derived terms
editAdjective
editkaru (noun form karu)
- gluttonous (prone to overeating)
Declension
edit Declension of karu (oral vowel ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi adjectives)
Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.
Causative | mongaru | |||||
Deadjectivals | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ba'e | i karuba'e | |||||
-sab(a) | karûaba/karusaba | |||||
Singular | Singular & Plural | Plural | ||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person exclusive | 1st person inclusive | 2nd person | |
Adjectival forms | ||||||
Active | ||||||
Indicative | xe karu | nde karu | i karu | oré karu | îandé karu | pe karu |
Imperative | ||||||
Permissive | ta xe karu | ta nde karu | t'i karu | t'oré karu | t'îandé karu | ta pe karu |
Negative indicative | na xe karuî | na nde karuî | n'i karuî | n'oré karuî | n'îandé karuî | na pe karuî |
Negative imperative | nde karu umẽ | pe karu umẽ | ||||
Negative permissive | ta xe karu umẽ | ta nde karu umẽ | t'i karu umẽ | t'oré karu umẽ | t'îandé karu umẽ | ta pe karu umẽ |
Gerund | ||||||
Affirmative | xe karuramo | nde karuramo | o karuramo | oré karuramo | îandé karuramo | pe karuramo |
Negative | xe karue'ymamo | nde karue'ymamo | o karue'ymamo | oré karue'ymamo | îandé karue'ymamo | pe karue'ymamo |
Nominal forms | ||||||
Infinitive | ||||||
Affirmative | karu | |||||
Negative | karue'yma | |||||
Circumstantial | ||||||
Affirmative | same as gerund1 | |||||
xe karu2 | i karu2 | oré karu2 | îandé karu2 | |||
Negative | same as gerund1 | |||||
xe karue'ymi2 | i karue'ymi2 | oré karue'ymi2 | îandé karue'ymi2 | |||
1South Tupi 2North Tupi |
Derived terms
editVerb
editkaru (first-person singular active indicative akaru, first-person singular negative active indicative n'akaruî, first-person singular gerund gûikarûabo, noun karu) (intransitive)
Conjugation
edit Conjugation of karu (intransitive, U-ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)
Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.
Causative | mongaru | |||||
Causative-comitative | erokaru | |||||
Deverbals | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-ba'e | okaruba'e | |||||
-sab(a) | karûaba/karusaba | |||||
-sar(a) | karûara/karusara | |||||
Singular | Singular & Plural | Plural | ||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person exclusive | 1st person inclusive | 2nd person | |
Verbal forms | ||||||
Active | ||||||
Indicative | akaru | erekaru | okaru | orokaru | îakaru | pekaru |
Permissive | t'akaru | t'erekaru | t'okaru | t'orokaru | t'îakaru | ta pekaru |
Imperative | ekaru | pekaru | ||||
Negative indicative | n'akaruî | n'erekaruî | n'okaruî | n'orokaruî | n'îakaruî | na pekaruî |
Negative permissive | t'akaru umẽ | t'erekaru umẽ | t'okaru umẽ | t'orokaru umẽ | t'îakaru umẽ | ta pekaru umẽ |
Negative imperative | ekaru umẽ | pekaru umẽ | ||||
Gerund | ||||||
Affirmative | gûikarûabo | ekarûabo | okarûabo | orokarûabo | îakarûabo | pekarûabo |
Negative | gûikarue'yma | ekarue'yma | okarue'yma | orokarue'yma | îakarue'yma | pekarue'yma |
Nominal forms | ||||||
Infinitive | ||||||
Affirmative | karu | |||||
Negative | karue'yma | |||||
Circumstantial | ||||||
Affirmative | xe karu | i karu | oré karu | îandé karu | ||
Negative | xe karue'ymi | i karue'ymi | oré karue'ymi | îandé karue'ymi |
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Nheengatu: karú
References
edit- ^ Beatriz Carretta Corrêa da Silva (2010) Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: relações linguísticas e implicações históricas (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB, page 404
- ^ Aryon d'Alligna Rodrigues (2007) “As consoantes do proto-tupí”, in Aryon d'Alligna Rodrigues, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, editors, Línguas e culturas tupí[1], 1 edition, volume 1, Campinas: Curt Nimuendajú, pages 167–204
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “karu”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 222, column 2
Papiamentu
editAlternative forms
edit- caro (Aruba)
Etymology
editFrom Portuguese caro and Spanish caro, ultimately from Latin carus
Adjective
editkaru
Rapa Nui
editNoun
editkaru
Votic
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *karhu.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkaru
Inflection
editDeclension of karu (type II/võrkko, no gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | karu | karud |
genitive | karu | karujõ, karui |
partitive | karrua | karuitõ, karui |
illative | karrusõ, karru | karuisõ |
inessive | karuz | karuiz |
elative | karussõ | karuissõ |
allative | karulõ | karuilõ |
adessive | karullõ | karuillõ |
ablative | karultõ | karuiltõ |
translative | karussi | karuissi |
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. |
References
edit- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
Categories:
- Ajië terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ajië lemmas
- Ajië numerals
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian nouns
- Estonian elu-type nominals
- et:Mammals
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑru
- Rhymes:Finnish/ɑru/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish adjectives
- Finnish valo-type nominals
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Kambera lemmas
- Kambera nouns
- Karelian lemmas
- Karelian nouns
- Latvian non-lemma forms
- Latvian noun forms
- Latvian verb forms
- Lower Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lower Sorbian non-lemma forms
- Lower Sorbian noun forms
- Maori lemmas
- Maori nouns
- Maori terms with usage examples
- Old Tupi terms inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani
- Old Tupi terms derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani
- Old Tupi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Old Tupi/u
- Rhymes:Old Tupi/u/2 syllables
- Old Tupi lemmas
- Old Tupi nouns
- Old Tupi possessable nouns
- Old Tupi adjectives
- Old Tupi verbs
- Old Tupi intransitive verbs
- tpw:Food and drink
- tpw:Meals
- tpw:Personality
- Papiamentu terms derived from Portuguese
- Papiamentu terms derived from Spanish
- Papiamentu terms derived from Latin
- Papiamentu lemmas
- Papiamentu adjectives
- Papiamentu terms with usage examples
- Rapa Nui lemmas
- Rapa Nui nouns
- Votic terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Votic terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Votic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Votic/ɑru
- Rhymes:Votic/ɑru/2 syllables
- Votic lemmas
- Votic nouns
- Votic võrkko-type nominals
- vot:Mammals