|
|
to be at
|
that, place
|
simp. and trad.
(在居)
|
在
|
居
|
| alternative forms
|
|
Modern pronunciations resulted from lenition of 在 (MC dzojX|dzojH) and irregular evolution of 居 (MC ki|kjo) (Zhengzhang, 2008).
Alternatively Qian (1997) considers the second character to be cognate of the written form 介 found in late imperial Northern Wu literature.
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6le-ke; 6la-ke; 8laq-ke; 8leq-ke / 2le-ke1; 8leq-ke1 / 2lai-kei1
在居 (Northern Wu)
- to be at, to be in
在居 (Northern Wu)
- at; in
Dialectal synonyms of
在 (“at, in”)
[map]
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Classical Chinese
|
於
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
在
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
在, 挨, 跟, 的
|
| Taiwan
|
在
|
| Harbin
|
在
|
| Malaysia
|
在
|
| Singapore
|
在
|
| Jilu Mandarin
|
Jinan
|
在, 從
|
| Central Plains Mandarin
|
Wanrong
|
在
|
| Xi'an
|
在
|
| Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)
|
在
|
| Lanyin Mandarin
|
Ürümqi
|
在
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Chengdu
|
在
|
| Wuhan
|
在
|
| Guiyang
|
在
|
| Guilin
|
在
|
| Liuzhou
|
在
|
| Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Nanjing
|
在
|
| Yangzhou
|
在
|
| Rugao
|
吖
|
| Hefei
|
在
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
喺, 響
|
| Hong Kong
|
喺, 響
|
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)
|
喺, 在
|
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)
|
喺, 響
|
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok)
|
在
|
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)
|
在
|
| Macau
|
喺
|
| Guangzhou (Panyu)
|
喺, 響
|
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)
|
響, 喺
|
| Guangzhou (Conghua)
|
在
|
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng)
|
在
|
| Foshan
|
喺, 響
|
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)
|
喺, 響
|
| Foshan (Shunde)
|
喺
|
| Foshan (Sanshui)
|
喺
|
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)
|
喺, 響
|
| Zhongshan (Shiqi)
|
在
|
| Zhuhai (Qianshan)
|
在
|
| Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)
|
響, 揀
|
| Zhuhai (Doumen)
|
揀
|
| Jiangmen (Baisha)
|
喺
|
| Jiangmen (Xinhui)
|
喺
|
| Taishan
|
到, 響
|
| Kaiping (Chikan)
|
到, 響
|
| Enping (Niujiang)
|
到, 響
|
| Heshan (Yayao)
|
響
|
| Dongguan
|
響, 在, 喺
|
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)
|
在
|
| Yangjiang
|
在
|
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)
|
喺, 響
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
喺
|
| Gan
|
Nanchang
|
在
|
| Lichuan
|
在
|
| Pingxiang
|
在
|
| Hakka
|
Meixian
|
嗨
|
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)
|
在
|
| Dongguan (Qingxi)
|
在
|
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)
|
在
|
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)
|
在
|
| Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)
|
在
|
| Yudu
|
在
|
| Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
在
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
在
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
在
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
在
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
在
|
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
在
|
| Hong Kong
|
在
|
| Senai (Huiyang)
|
在
|
| Kuching (Hepo)
|
在
|
| Singapore (Dabu)
|
在
|
| Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
在
|
| Xinzhou
|
在
|
| Northern Min
|
Jian'ou
|
到
|
| Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
著, 在, 洽
|
| Fuqing
|
著, 洽
|
| Singapore (Fuqing)
|
著
|
| Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
佇, 踮, 蹛
|
| Quanzhou
|
佇, 踮, 蹛
|
| Zhangzhou
|
佇, 咧, 蹛
|
| Zhao'an
|
佇, 蹛
|
| Taipei
|
佇
|
| New Taipei (Sanxia)
|
佇
|
| Kaohsiung
|
佇
|
| Yilan
|
佇
|
| Changhua (Lukang)
|
佇
|
| Taichung
|
佇
|
| Tainan
|
佇, 踮, 蹛
|
| Hsinchu
|
佇
|
| Kinmen
|
佇
|
| Penghu (Magong)
|
佇
|
| Penang (Hokkien)
|
佇, 蹛
|
| Singapore (Hokkien)
|
佇, 壏
|
| Manila (Hokkien)
|
佇, 踮
|
| Chaozhou
|
在
|
| Shantou
|
在
|
| Shantou (Chenghai)
|
在
|
| Shantou (Chaoyang)
|
在
|
| Jieyang
|
在, 壏, 放
|
| Haifeng
|
著
|
| Johor Bahru (Teochew)
|
在
|
| Singapore (Teochew)
|
在, 壏
|
| Leizhou
|
佇, 放
|
| Wenchang
|
佇
|
| Singapore (Hainanese)
|
佇
|
| Southern Pinghua
|
Nanning (Tingzi)
|
在
|
| Wu
|
Shanghai
|
垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該, 垃浪
|
| Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang)
|
垃該, 拉
|
| Shanghai (Songjiang)
|
立垃, 勒嵌
|
| Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong)
|
垃, 垃垃
|
| Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong)
|
垃該
|
| Shanghai (Fengxian)
|
垃該
|
| Shanghai (Jinshan)
|
有垃, 垃該
|
| Shanghai (Qingpu)
|
勒拉
|
| Shanghai (Jiading)
|
勒, 浪, 勒浪, 勒搭
|
| Shanghai (Chongming)
|
勒勒, 勒
|
| Suzhou
|
勒, 勒勒, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒篤
|
| Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)
|
勒, 勒海, 勒拉, 勒浪
|
| Wuxi
|
勒, 來勒, 勒娘, 勒裡
|
| Changshu
|
勒笃, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪
|
| Kunshan
|
勒, 勒浪, 勒海
|
| Qidong
|
勒
|
| Qidong (Lüsi)
|
在, 來, 來該
|
| Haimen
|
勒, 勒特, 勒海, 勒勒
|
| Haimen (Sijia)
|
來, 來到
|
| Rudong
|
勒, 勒勒
|
| Pinghu
|
勒, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒化, 來, 來海, 來浪, 來化
|
| Haining (Xiashi)
|
有起霍, 有起, 有垃, 起勒, 起, 勒, 起霍
|
| Haiyan
|
勒, 勒勒
|
| Changzhou
|
勒, 勒蕩, 勒娘, 勒頭, 漏
|
| Liyang
|
立
|
| Jintan
|
在, 則
|
| Danyang
|
在, 則
|
| Jingjiang
|
來, 勒
|
| Jiangyin
|
勒, 勒勒
|
| Gaochun
|
來, 拉, 垃, 得, 擱
|
| Huzhou
|
拉
|
| Deqing
|
垃, 垃好, 來該, 來東, 拉好, 有好
|
| Deqing (Geting)
|
拉
|
| Hangzhou
|
勒, 勒哈, 來搭, 來東, 在
|
| Hangzhou (Lin'an)
|
來, 來埭, 來同
|
| Hangzhou (Fuyang)
|
勒, 勒裡, 勒帶, 勒底
|
| Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)
|
來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
|
| Tonglu
|
來, 來裡, 來夯
|
| Shaoxing
|
來帶, 來埭, 來東, 來同, 來夯, 帶, 埭, 東, 同, 夯
|
| Shaoxing (Keqiao)
|
來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
|
| Zhuji
|
來克, 來客, 勒克, 勒客, 克, 客
|
| Shengzhou
|
來, 來帶, 來東, 來夯
|
| Xinchang
|
來固, 來蒙, 來頭
|
| Ningbo
|
來, 來勒, 來的, 來對, 來東, 來當, 來該
|
| Ningbo (Zhenhai)
|
來
|
| Ningbo (Beilun)
|
來, 來該, 來的, 來對, 來當
|
| Ningbo (Yinzhou)
|
立該, 來, 來的, 來該
|
| Yuyao
|
來, 得, 來浪
|
| Ninghai
|
來的
|
| Zhoushan (Dinghai)
|
勒
|
| Wenzhou
|
是
|
| Xiang
|
Changsha
|
在
|
| Loudi
|
在
|
| Shuangfeng
|
在
|
在居 (Northern Wu)
- Used to indicate the continuous aspect.
- Used to indicate the perfective aspect.
This orthography is an etymological spelling that can be applied to all lects. However, its usage may be limited, and phonetic spellings, such as 辣該／辣该, 勒該／勒该, may be preferred instead.
Dialectal synonyms of
正在 (“in the process of; currently”)
[map]
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
正在, 刻正
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
正在, 在
|
| Taiwan
|
正在, 在
|
| Malaysia
|
正在, 在
|
| Singapore
|
正在, 在
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Guilin
|
在
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
|
| Hong Kong
|
喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
喺度
|
| Hakka
|
Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
當, 在該, 當在
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
當, 在該
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
當, 在該
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
當, 在該
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
當, 在該
|
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
正在, 在遐
|
| Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
著𡅏, 𡅏
|
| Fuqing
|
著𡅏
|
| Singapore (Fuqing)
|
著𡅏
|
| Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
|
| Quanzhou
|
佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
|
| Zhangzhou
|
咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時
|
| Tainan
|
佇咧, 咧, 當咧
|
| Penang (Hokkien)
|
佇
|
| Singapore (Hokkien)
|
佇, 佇咧
|
| Manila (Hokkien)
|
佇咧, 咧
|
| Shantou
|
在
|
| Shantou (Chaoyang)
|
在
|
| Singapore (Teochew)
|
在
|
| Wu
|
Shanghai
|
垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該
|
| Ningbo
|
來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒
|
| Wenzhou
|
是, 是搭
|
Dialectal synonyms of
著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”)
[map]
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
著
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
著
|
| Taiwan
|
著
|
| Harbin
|
著
|
| Singapore
|
著
|
| Jilu Mandarin
|
Jinan
|
著
|
| Jiaoliao Mandarin
|
Yantai (Muping)
|
著
|
| Central Plains Mandarin
|
Wanrong
|
著
|
| Xi'an
|
著
|
| Xuzhou
|
著
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Wuhan
|
倒
|
| Guiyang
|
倒
|
| Guilin
|
倒
|
| Liuzhou
|
倒, 穩
|
| Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Nanjing
|
著
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
緊
|
| Hong Kong
|
緊
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
緊
|
| Gan
|
Nanchang
|
倒
|
| Hakka
|
Meixian
|
等
|
| Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
等
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
等
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
等
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
緊
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
等
|
| Kuching (Hepo)
|
緊
|
| Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
著
|
| Southern Pinghua
|
Nanning (Tingzi)
|
緊
|
| Wu
|
Shanghai
|
勒海, 勒該
|
| Ningbo
|
的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼
|
| Zhoushan
|
底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼
|
