Wiktionary

來

See also: 来, 徠, and 夾
來 U+4F86, 來
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F86
← 侅
[U+4F85] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侇 →
[U+4F87]
來 U+F92D, 來
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F92D
← 郎
[U+F92C] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 冷 →
[U+F92E]

Translingual edit

Traditional 來
Simplified 来
Japanese 来
Korean 來
Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character edit

來 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 40908, composition ⿻木从)

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
  • Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 141, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4F86

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 來
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Oracle bone script
 

j13740

 

j13741

 

j13742

 

j13743

 

j13744

 

j13745

 

j13746

 

j13747

 

j13748

 

j13749

 

j13750

 

j13751

 

j13752

 

j13753

 

j13754

 

j13755

 

j13756

 

j13757

 

j13758

 

j13759

 

j13760

 

j13761

 

j13762

 

j13763

 

j13764

 

j13765

 

j13766

 

j13767

 

j13768

 

j13769

 

j13770

 

j13771

 

j13772

 

j13773

 

j13774

 

j13775

 

j13776

 

j13777

 

j13778

 

j13779

 

j13780

 

j13781

 

j13782

 

j13783

 

j13784

 

j13785

 

j13786

 

j13787

 

j13788

 

j13789

 

j13790

 

j13791

 

j13792

 

j13793

 

j13794

 

j13795

 

j13797

 

j13798

 

j13799

 

j13800

 

j13801

 

j13802

 

j13803

 

j13804

 

j13805

 

j13806

 

j13807

 

j13808

 

j13809

 

j13810

 

j13811

 

j13812

 

j13813

 

j13814

 

j13815

 

j13816

 

j13817

 

j13818

 

j13819

 

j13820

 

j13821

 

j13822

 

j13823

 

j13824

 

j13825

 

j13826

 

j13827

 

j13828

 

j13829

 

j13830

 

j13831

 

j13832

 

j13833

 

j13834

 

j13835

 

j13836

 

j13837

 

j13838

 

j13839

 

j13840

 

j13841

 

j13842

 

j13843

 

j13844

 

j13845

 

j13846

 

j13847

 

j13848

 

j13849

 

j13850

 

j13851

 

j13852

 

j13853

 

j13854

 

j13855

 

j13856

 

j13857

 

j13858

 

j13859

 

j13860

 

j13861

 

j13862

 

j13863

 

j13864

 

j13865

 

j13866

 

j13867

 

j13868

 

j13869

 

j13870

 

j13871

 

j13872

 

j13873

 

j13874

 

j13875

 

j13876

 

j13877

 

j13878

 

j13879

 

j13880

 

j13881

 

j13882

 

j13883

 

j13884

 

j13885

 

j13886

 

j13887

 

j13888

 

j13889

 

j13890

 

j13891

 

j13892

 

j13893

 

j13894

 

j13895

 

j13896

 

j13897

 

j13898

 

j13899

 

j13900

 

j13901

 

j13902

 

j13903

 

j13904

 

j13905

 

j13906

 

j13907

 

j13908

 

j13909

 

j13910

 

j13911

 

j13912

 

j13913

 

j13914

 

j13915

 

j13916

 

j13917

 

j13918

 

j13919

 

j13920

Bronze inscriptions
 

b08481

 

b08482

 

b08483

 

b08484

 

b08485

 

b08486

 

b08487

 

b08488

 

b08489

 

b08490

 

b08491

 

b08492

 

b08493

Small seal script
 

s03866

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L30969

 

L30970

 

L30971

 

L30972

 

L30973

 

L30974

 

L30975

 

L30976

 

L30977

 

L30978

 

L03906

 

L03907

 

L03908

 

L03909

 

L03910

 

L03911

 

L03912

 

L03913

 

L03914

 

L03915

 

L03916

 

L03917

 

L03918

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
來 *m·rɯːɡ
萊 *rɯː, *rɯːs
淶 *rɯː
徠 *rɯː, *rɯːs
崍 *rɯː
郲 *rɯː, *ruːlʔ, *ruːlʔ
騋 *rɯː
猍 *rɯː
鯠 *rɯː
鶆 *rɯː
庲 *rɯː
棶 *rɯː
斄 *rɯː, *rɯ
逨 *rɯː, *rɯːs
麳 *rɯː
唻 *rɯːʔ, *rrɯː
賚 *rɯːs
睞 *rɯːs
勑 *rɯːs
誺 *rɯːs, *r̥ʰɯ, *r̥ʰɯs, *r̥ʰɯs
倈 *rɯ
憖 *ŋrɯns
猌 *ŋrɯns
麥 *mrɯːɡ

Pictogram (象形) of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾.

This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts.

Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”.

Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent.

來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/.

Etymology 1 edit

trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 𧼛
倈／俫
逨
徠／徕

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007).

Pronunciation edit

Note: lai4, lei4 - vernacular (often written as 嚟).
Note:
  • lì - vernacular;
  • lài - literary.
Note:
  • lai7 - indicates past things;
  • lai2 - “will” (pronounced as /lai⁵²⁻³⁵/).
Rime
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛哀切
Baxter loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləj/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/lɒi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 來
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lái
Middle
Chinese 		‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)
English come

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component 		來
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions edit

來

  1. to come; to arrive
    Antonyms: 去 (qù), 往
    我一會兒就來。／我一会儿就来。  ―  Wǒ yīhuìr jiù lái.  ―  I'll come in a moment.
    我不知道它是從哪裡來的。 [MSC, trad.]
    我不知道它是从哪里来的。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ bù zhīdào tā shì cóng nǎlǐ lái de. [Pinyin]
    I didn't know where it came from.
    來了個電話／来了个电话  ―  lái le ge diànhuà  ―  got a phone call; a phone call arrived
  2. to happen; to occur
  3. to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
  4. since
  5. next; coming; future
    來年／来年  ―  láinián  ―  next year
  6. (after a number) about; approximately; around
    四十來歲／四十来岁  ―  sìshí lái suì  ―  around forty years old
    十年來沒有活動／十年来没有活动  ―  shínián lái méiyǒu huódòng  ―  has had no activity in a decade
  7. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
    下來／下来  ―  xiàlái  ―  to come down [compare 下去 (xiàqù, “to go down”)]
    進來／进来  ―  jìnlái  ―  to come in
  8. Used before a verb to express volition.
    讓我來做吧。／让我来做吧。  ―  Ràng wǒ lái zuò ba.  ―  Let me do it.
  9. Used with 不 or 得 to express capability.
    我做不來俯臥撐。 [MSC, trad.]
    我做不来俯卧撑。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zuò bù lái fǔwòchēng. [Pinyin]
    I can't do push-ups.
  10. Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
  11. Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
  12. (Shanghainese) currently
    儂勿要叫伊，伊來做功課。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬勿要叫伊，伊来做功课。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 勿-iau 5ciau 6yi 6yi 6le 5tsu 1kon-khu [Wugniu]
    Don’t call him, he’s currently doing his homework.
  13. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 來 (MC loj)
  14. a surname
Synonyms edit
Dialectal synonyms of 來 (“to come”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 來
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 來
Mandarin Beijing 來
Taiwan 來
Malaysia 來
Singapore 來
Cantonese Guangzhou 嚟
Hong Kong 嚟
Macau 嚟
Taishan 來
Qingyuan 來
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 嚟
Singapore (Guangfu) 嚟
Hakka Meixian 來
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 來
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 來
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 來
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 來
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 來
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 來
Eastern Min Singapore (Fuqing) 來
Sitiawan (Gutian) 來
Southern Min Xiamen 來
Taipei 來
New Taipei (Sanxia) 來
Kaohsiung 來
Yilan 來
Changhua (Lukang) 來
Taichung 來
Tainan 來
Hsinchu 來
Kinmen 來
Penghu (Magong) 來
Penang (Hokkien) 來
Singapore (Hokkien) 來
Manila (Hokkien) 來
Chaozhou 來
Shantou 來
Shantou (Chaoyang) 來
Singapore (Teochew) 來
Wu Shanghai 來
Suzhou 來
Hangzhou 來
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 來

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (來):
  • → Japanese: 来(らい) (rai)
  • → Korean: 래(來) (rae)
  • → Vietnamese: lai (來)

Etymology 2 edit

trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 麳／𪎌
䅘／𥟂

Cognate to or same word as 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation edit

Rime
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛哀切
Baxter loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləj/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/lɒi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 來
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lái
Middle
Chinese 		‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə.rˁək/ (> *mə.rˁə)
English a kind of wheat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component 		來
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions edit

來

  1. (obsolete) wheat

References edit

Japanese edit

Shinjitai

来

Kyūjitai

來

Kanji edit

來

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 来)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 来

Readings edit

Etymology edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 來 – see the following entry.
【来】2
[kanji] Grade 2 kanji
(This term, 來, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae), South Korea 올 내 (ol nae))

  1. Hanja form? of 래 (“to come; to arrive”).

Compounds edit

Old Japanese edit

Etymology 1 edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb edit

來 (ku) (kana く)

  1. to come (towards the speaker), approach
  2. to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)
  3. (suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:
      可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利
      kaze no2 to2 no2 kaze no2 to2poki1 wagi1mo ga ki1sesi ki1nu tamoto2 no2 kudari mayo1piki1nike1ri
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation edit
Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 來 こ ko
Continuative (連用形) 來 き ki
Terminal (終止形) 來 く ku
Attributive (連体形) 來る くる kuru
Realis (已然形) 來れ くれ kure
Imperative (命令形) 來
來よ		 こ
こよ		 ko
koyo
Key constructions
Negative 來ず こず kozu
Contrasting conjunction 來れど くれど kuredo
Causal conjunction 來れば くれば kureba
Conditional conjunction 來ば こば koba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 來し[1]
來し[1]		 こし
きし		 kosi
kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 來けり きけり kikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 來つ きつ kitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 來ぬ きぬ kinu
Perfect-continuative tense 來たり きたり kitari
Volitional 來む こむ komu
[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit

Etymology 2 edit

Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.

Verb edit

來 (ke1) (kana け)

  1. stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:
      美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎
      miduto2ri no2 tati no2 iso1gi1 ni titipapa ni mono2pazu ke1nite ima zo kuyasiki1
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

來: Hán Nôm readings: lai, lay, lơi, ray, rơi, rời

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

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