पा

Hindi

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /pɑː/, [päː]

Verb

पा • (pā)

inflection of पाना (pānā):
1. stem
2. second-person singular intimate present imperative

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

পা (Assamese script)
ᬧᬵ (Balinese script)
পা (Bengali script)
𑰢𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀧𑀸 (Brahmi script)
ပါ (Burmese script)
પા (Gujarati script)
ਪਾ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌪𑌾 (Grantha script)
ꦥꦴ (Javanese script)
𑂣𑂰 (Kaithi script)
ಪಾ (Kannada script)
បា (Khmer script)
ປາ (Lao script)
പാ (Malayalam script)
ᢒᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
𑘢𑘰 (Modi script)
ᢒᠠ᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧂𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
𑐥𑐵 (Newa script)
ପା (Odia script)
ꢦꢵ (Saurashtra script)
𑆥𑆳 (Sharada script)
𑖢𑖯 (Siddham script)
පා (Sinhalese script)
𑩰𑩛 (Soyombo script)
𑚞𑚭 (Takri script)
பா (Tamil script)
పా (Telugu script)
ปา (Thai script)
པཱ (Tibetan script)
𑒣𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
𑨞𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɑː/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɑː/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-

Sanskrit पा (pā)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”); Cognate with Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎮𐎹 (pādiy), Latin pascō (“to feed, maintain”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀕 (po-me). Probably not related to पाल (pāla, “guard”), despite popular folk etymology; see there for more.

Root

पा • (pā)

to watch, keep, preserve
to protect from, defend against
to protect (a country), i.e. rule, govern
to observe, notice, attend to, follow

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root पा (3 c, 9 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root पा (27 c, 0 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

पाति (pā́ti) (Present)
पास्यति (pāsyáti) (Future)
पाता (pātā́) (Periphrastic Future)
अपासीत् (ápāsīt) (Aorist)
अपास् (ápās) (Aorist)
पायात् (pāyā́t) (Benedictive)
पपौ (papáu) (Perfect)

Secondary Forms

पायते (pāyate) (Passive)
पिपासति (pipāsati) (Desiderative)
पापायते (pāpāyate) (Intensive)
पापेति (pāpeti) (Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

पात (pāta) (Past Participle)
पातुम् (pātum) (Infinitive)
पातव्य (pātavya) (Gerundive)
पानीय (pānīya) (Gerundive)

Derived Nominal Forms

पा (pā́)
पातृ (pātṛ́, “protector, defender”)
पात्र (pā́tra)
पान (pāna, “protection, defense”)
पायु (pāyú)
पावन् (pāvan, “protecting”)
पीथ (pītha)
पीथ्य (pī́thya)

Prefixed Root Forms

अभिपा (abhipā)
निपा (nipā)
परिपा (paripā)

Sometimes given with पालयति (pāláyati) as causative.

Adjective

पा • (pā́) stem

keeping, protecting, guarding, etc.

Declension

Masculine ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pā́ḥ)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pā́m)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ) पः² (páḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā́)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभिः (pā́bhiḥ)
dative	पे (pé)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभ्यः (pā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (páḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभ्यः (pā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (páḥ)	पोः (póḥ)	पानाम् (pā́nām) पाम्² (pā́m²)
locative	पि (pí)	पोः (póḥ)	पासु (pā́su)
vocative	पाः (pā́ḥ)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

Feminine ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pā́ḥ)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pā́m)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ) पः² (páḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā́)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभिः (pā́bhiḥ)
dative	पे (pé)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभ्यः (pā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (páḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभ्यः (pā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (páḥ)	पोः (póḥ)	पानाम् (pā́nām) पाम्² (pā́m²)
locative	पि (pí)	पोः (póḥ)	पासु (pā́su)
vocative	पाः (pā́ḥ)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

Neuter ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pā́ḥ)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pā́m)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ) पः² (páḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā́)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभिः (pā́bhiḥ)
dative	पे (pé)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभ्यः (pā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (páḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pā́bhyām)	पाभ्यः (pā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (páḥ)	पोः (póḥ)	पानाम् (pā́nām) पाम्² (pā́m²)
locative	पि (pí)	पोः (póḥ)	पासु (pā́su)
vocative	पाः (pā́ḥ)	पौ (paú) पा¹ (pā́¹)	पाः (pā́ḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

Derived terms

गोपा (gopā́)
तनूपा (tanūpā́)

Noun

पा • (pā) stem, f

guarding, protecting

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pām)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ) पः² (paḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभिः (pābhiḥ)
dative	पे (pe)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (paḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (paḥ)	पोः (poḥ)	पानाम् (pānām) पाम्² (pām²)
locative	पि (pi)	पोः (poḥ)	पासु (pāsu)
vocative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

References

Monier Williams (1899) “पा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 573/2, 613/2.
William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 96
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 112-3
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pā [1]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 377-8

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-

Sanskrit पा (pā)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₃- (“to drink”).

Cognate with Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis) whence symposium (“drinking together”); Latin pōtō whence English potion and poison; Proto-Slavic *pivo (“beer”).

Root

पा • (pā)

to drink, quaff, suck, sip, swallow
(figuratively) to imbibe, draw in, appropriate, enjoy, feast upon (with the eyes, ears, etc.)
to drink up, exhaust, absorb
to drink intoxicating liquors

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root पा (3 c, 9 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root पा (27 c, 0 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

पिबति (píbati) (Present)
पिपति (pipati) (Present)
पास्यति (pāsyáti) (Future)
पाता (pātā́) (Periphrastic Future)
अपात् (ápāt) (Aorist)
अपास् (ápās) (Aorist)
पेयात् (peyā́t) (Benedictive)
पपौ (papáu) (Perfect)

Secondary Forms

पीयते (pīyáte) (Passive)
अपायि (ápāyi) (Passive Aorist)
पाययति (pāyáyati) (Causative)
अपीप्यत् (ápīpyat) (Causative Aorist)
पिपासति (pipāsati) (Desiderative)
पिपीषति (pípīṣati) (Desiderative)
पिपाययिषति (pipāyayiṣati) (Desiderative of Causative)
पेपीयते (pepīyate) (Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

पीत (pītá) (Past Participle)
पातुम् (pātum) (Infinitive)
पातवे (pā́tave) (Infinitive)
पातवै (pā́tavái) (Infinitive)
पिबध्यै (píbadhyai) (Infinitive)
पीत्वा (pītvā́) (Gerund)
पीत्वी (pītvī́) (Gerund)
पायम् (pāyam) (Gerund)
पेय (peya) (Gerundive)
पातव्य (pātavya) (Gerundive)
पानीय (pānīya) (Gerundive)
पाययितवै (pā́yayitavái) (Causative Infinitive)

Derived Nominal Forms

पपि (papí)
पा (pā)
पातृ (pātṛ)
पान (pā́na)
पावन् (pā́van)
पिपासा (pipāsā́)
पीति (pītí)
पीथ (pītha)

Prefixed Root Forms

अनुपा (anupā)
अन्ववपा (anvavapā)
अभिपा (abhipā)
आपा (āpā)
उत्पा (utpā)
निपा (nipā)
निष्पा (niṣpā)
परिपा (paripā)
प्रपा (prapā)
विपा (vipā)
सम्पा (sampā)

पात्र (pā́tra, “bowl, vessel, cup”) is often also considered to belong here, but this might not be etymologically accurate.

Adjective

पा • (pā) stem

drinking, quaffing, etc.

Declension

Masculine ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pām)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ) पः² (paḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभिः (pābhiḥ)
dative	पे (pe)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (paḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (paḥ)	पोः (poḥ)	पानाम् (pānām) पाम्² (pām²)
locative	पि (pi)	पोः (poḥ)	पासु (pāsu)
vocative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

Feminine ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pām)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ) पः² (paḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभिः (pābhiḥ)
dative	पे (pe)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (paḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (paḥ)	पोः (poḥ)	पानाम् (pānām) पाम्² (pām²)
locative	पि (pi)	पोः (poḥ)	पासु (pāsu)
vocative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

Neuter ā-stem declension of पा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)
accusative	पाम् (pām)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ) पः² (paḥ²)
instrumental	पा (pā)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभिः (pābhiḥ)
dative	पे (pe)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
ablative	पः (paḥ)	पाभ्याम् (pābhyām)	पाभ्यः (pābhyaḥ)
genitive	पः (paḥ)	पोः (poḥ)	पानाम् (pānām) पाम्² (pām²)
locative	पि (pi)	पोः (poḥ)	पासु (pāsu)
vocative	पाः (pāḥ)	पौ (pau) पा¹ (pā¹)	पाः (pāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Perhaps

References

Monier Williams (1899) “पा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 612, column 3.
Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “पा”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 95
Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “पा”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 113-114
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pā [2]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 378

Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 255
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 462
Pokorny, Julius (1959) “839”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839

Etymology 3

Probably related to Hittite [script needed] (pippa-, “to overturn”), [script needed] (pa-i-mi-, “goes”). Burrow and Whitney's derivations of the root as a semantic specialization of Etymology 2 ("to drink") are less likely.

Root

पा • (pā)

to rise against, be hostile

Derived terms

References

Monier Williams (1899) “पा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1330, column 2.
William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 96
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 114
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pā [3]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 378-9